GENETIKA, Vol

GENETIKA, Vol. 32, No.3 (2000)

Athanasios S. TSAFTARIS, Alexios N. POLIDOROS, and Eleni TANI

GENE REGULATION AND ITS ROLE IN HYBRID VIGOR AND STABILITY OF PERFORMANCE [Abstract]

Peter A. PETERSON

EPISODIC EVENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPOSON BIOLOGY: IMPACT ON PLANT SCIENCE [Abstract]

Gordana RADOVIĆ, Jasmina MUMINOVIĆ, and Dražen JELOVAC

LOCAL MAIZE GERMPLASM – POTENTIALLY VALUABLE BREEDING MATERIAL [Abstract]

Milisav STOJAKOVIĆ, Đorđe JOCKOVIĆ, Goran BEKAVAC, Aleksandra NASTASIĆ, Nenad VASIĆ, and Božana PURAR

YUGOSLAV LOCAL GERMPLASM IN HYBRID MAIZE BREEDING [Abstract]

Patricia LAUERT, Brian E. SCHEFFLER, and Udo WIENAND

THE ANTHOCYANIN PATHWAY ANALYSIS IN MAIZE, A MODEL OF THE DISSECTION OF A BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY REVEALING THE COMPLEXITY OF GENE INTERACTION [Abstract]

Zorica P. PAJIĆ, Janko O. DUMANOVIĆ, Milivoje S. MIŠOVIĆ, and Milorad S. ROŠULJ

BREEDING MAIZE FOR NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND INDUSTRIAL USE [Abstract]

V. ROSSI, H. HARTINGS, Richard D. THOMPSON, and Mario. MOTTO

GENETIC AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES FOR UPGRADING STARCH AND PROTEIN FRACTIONS IN MAIZE KERNELS [Abstract]

J. VAN WAES and L. CARLIER

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SILAGE MAIZE VARIETIES UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS [Abstract]

Milica RADOSAVLJEVIĆ, Vitomir BEKRIĆ, Irina BOŽOVIĆ, and Jovan JAKOVLJEVIĆ

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS CORN GENOTYPES AS A CRITERION OF TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY [Abstract]

V.A. SOKOLOV and I. V. KHATYPOVA

THE DEVELOPMENT OF APOMICTIC MAIZE: UPDATE, PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVE [Abstract]

Borovoje V. TRIFUNOVIĆ, Goran STANKOVIĆ, and Vladimir TRIFUNOVIĆ

MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF PROLIFICACY AND EFFECTS ON YIELD IN A SYNTHETIC POPULATION OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) [Abstract]

Claudia NIEVA, Adela GODAY, Victoria LUMBRERAS, and Montserrat PAGÈS

STRESS RESPONSES: THE BZIP PROTEINS [Abstract]

Čedomir RADENOVIĆ, Ilija ŠATARIĆ, Ivan HUSIĆ, Mioljub M. MIŠOVIĆ, Milomir FILIPOVIĆ, and Lazar KOJIĆ

A STUDY OF FUNCTIONING OF THYLAKOID MEMBRANES IN INBRED LINES OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) [Abstract]

Iurie G. ICHIM (IKHIM), Vasili G. SCORPAN, and Valery N. LYSIKOV

AN INVESTIGATION ON INCREASING THE YIELD OF MUTANT FORMS AFTER RADIATION MUTAGENESIS [Abstract]

Živorad VIDENOVIĆ, Života JOVANOVIĆ, Branka KRESOVIĆ, and Miodrag TOLIMIR

EFFECTS OF AGROECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON ZP MAIZE HYBRID YIELD IN SERBIA [Abstract]

Ljubiša STARČEVIĆ, Dragana LATKOVIĆ, and Jovan CRNOBARAC

CORN HYBRID SPECIFICITY IN NITROGEN UTILIZATION [Abstract]

Duška STOJŠIN, C.F. BEHR, O. HEREDIA, and Rade STOJŠIN

EVALUATION AND BREEDING OF TRANSGENIC CORN [Abstract]

Kosana KONSTANTINOV, Snežana MLADENOVIĆ DRINIĆ

RELIABLE LEVEL OF MAIZE GENOME POLYMORPHISM: GENOME STRUCTURE OR EXPRESSION [Abstract]

Zhongchen GUO, Yinggen YANG, Yiming GUO, and Jinxing LIN

ANTHER CULTURE AND HAPLOID BREEDING OF MAIZE [Abstract]

Nikolay CHRISTOV, Elena MARINOVA, Mima ILCHOVSKA, Malinka IVANOVA, and Kiril HRISTOV

CLASSICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO IMPROVE MAIZE BREEDING IN BULGARIA [Abstract]

V.A. ROTARENCO and S.T. CHALYK

SELECTION AT THE LEVEL OF HAPLOID SPOROPHYTE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE TRAITS OF DIPLOID PLANTS IN MAIZE [Abstract]

Yiming GUO, Yinggen YANG, Zhongchen GUO, Hechun YE, and Jinxing LIN

STUDY ON OBTAINING HAPLOID PLANTLETS OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) BY GYNOGENESIS IN VITRO [Abstract]

Á. MESTERHÁZY, G.Jr. KOVÁCS, and K. KOVÁCS

BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM EAR ROT (FER) IN MAIZE [Abstract]

Božana PURAR, Goran BEKAVAC, Milisav STOJAKOVIĆ, and Đorđe JOCKOVIĆ

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF RESISTANCE TO MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA (TASSI) GOID IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) [Abstract]

Milivoje MILIVOJEVIĆ, Ivan HUSIĆ, Marija ŽIVANOVIĆ2, and Milosav BABIĆ

THE RESPONSE OF MAIZE INBRED LINES TO HERBICIDE APPLICATION [Abstract]

Marcel QUINT, Albrecht E. MELCHINGER, Christina M. DUßLE, and Thomas LÜBBERSTEDT

BREEDING FOR VIRUS RESISTANCE IN MAIZE [Abstract]

Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 189-201

Serbia

UDC 575.117

Original scientific paper

GENE REGULATION AND ITS ROLE IN HYBRID VIGOR AND STABILITY OF PERFORMANCE

Athanasios S. TSAFTARIS, Alexios N. POLIDOROS, and Eleni TANI

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki , Greece

Abstract

Athanasios S. Tsaftaris, Alexios N. Polidoros, and Eleni Tani (2000): Gene regulation and its role in hybrid vigor and stability of performance. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 189-201.

Recent biochemical and molecular investigations on heterosis indicate that quantitative variation of gene expression may be important in vigor manifestation. In the present study we examined differences in quantitative expression for 35 genes between hybrids and their parents and compared these differences in a heterotic and a non-heterotic hybrid at different developmental stages. The heterotic hybrid had a significant number of genes expressed over the quantity of the better parent at three developmental stages. The non-heterotic hybrid had a minor number of genes expressed over the better parent at the first and the second stage. In addition, the non-heterotic hybrid had a significant number of genes expressed below the level of the worst parent. These results support the significance of regulatory mechanisms involved in the quantitative modulation of gene expression. Since DNA methylation could be considered as a genome-wide general regulatory mechanism that affects the expression of many genes important for the manifestation of heterosis, we measured total DNA methylation in maize parental inbreds and their hybrids using HPLC chromatography, and site-specific DNA methylation changes related to stress using the CRED-RA technique. We found developmental differences in the level of total DNA methylation among the different genotypes, which could be related to hybrid vigor. Stressful growth conditions resulted in more methylated DNA (less expressed) and, in general, vigorous hybrids were more resistant to such density induced methylation changes.

Key words: gene expression, heterosis, maize, methylation

Corresponding author: Athanasios S. Tsaftaris, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki , Greece

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 203-219

Serbia

UDC 577.213

Original scientific paper

EPISODIC EVENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPOSON BIOLOGY: IMPACT ON PLANT SCIENCE

Peter A. PETERSON

Agronomy Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA

Abstract

Peter A. Peterson (2000): Episodic events in the development of transposon biology: Impact on plant science. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 203-219.

McClintock's discovery of transposons in maize in the middle of this century was an episodic event that catapulted maize with an opportunity for gene discovery and gave much impetus to plant science to enter into the molecular age. Not only for plants, but biological science in general was alerted to another dimension of the genome, where by the composition, stability and heterologous relationships of the genetic material among the species, genera, families and kingdoms in all genomes was questioned. This opened up new vistas of understanding and analysis of genomic content. For the first time, heterologous relationships across kingdoms were unraveled with the revelations of the myb and myc systems as well as the MADS boxes and other cross relationships. No longer would the sanctity of species be considered. The sharing of DNA sequences across a wide array of diverse types was now commonplace. DNA sequences in the database reveal interesting relationships that are now no longer a surprise.-Transposons have five stages of development. These include the following: Discovery, Genetic Analysis, Molecular era, Post-molecular era, and their role for the future. The geneticist's role on the detection of transposon function will be demonstrated. The discovery of modified transposon systems will be outlined. Some futuristic options for transposons will be considered.

Key words: transposons, maize, DNA sequences

Corresponding author: Peter A. Peterson, Agronomy Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 221-234

Serbia

UDC 575.21

Original scientific paper

LOCAL MAIZE GERMPLASM – POTENTIALLY VALUABLE BREEDING MATERIAL

Gordana RADOVIĆ, Jasmina MUMINOVIĆ, and Dražen JELOVAC

Maize Genebank, Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje,

11185 Belgrade-Zemun, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Gordana Radović, Jasmina Muminović, and Dražen Jelovac (2000): Local maize germplasm – potentially valuable breeding material. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 221-234.

The goal of genetic resources' management is to conserve the identity and initial variability of accessions. Genetic resources have an inherent value but their utilisation depends on the degree of evaluation, development of a functional data base, participation in international exchange as well as a developed prebreeding program. The objective of this paper is to describe the activities concerning conservation and study of local maize populations at the Genebank for Maize and possibilities for utilisation. The Maize collection is abundant and diverse. The pattern of variability was established by their classification. The racial classification method was used to classify local varieties into sixteen main eco-groups and two derived groups, illustrating the evolutionary relations among the groups. The potential breeding value of local populations was examined with regard to the expression of heterotic effects. Intensive testing of the collection with six inbred-lines resulted in the selection of six groups of populations with a high level of combining abilities, thus revealing new heterotic pairs in the local germplasm. A thorough study of local maize populations allows for different approaches to the development of core collections. One approach, based on the results of racial classification, identified sixteen main eco-groups were and their representatives constituted sixteen core subsets. The second approach for core collection development is based on testing combining abilities. Six groups of populations with good combining abilities were selected as six core subsets. Core collections, as extracted germplasm pools, could be advantageous for a pre-breeding programme.

Key words: classification, combining ability, core collections, local populations, maize, Zea mays L.

Corresponding author: Gordana RADOVIĆ, Maize Research Institute, “Zemun Polje”, Slobodana Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun, Yugoslavia

tel.: +381-11-3756704, fax: +381-11-3756707

email: gradovic@mrizp.co.yu

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 237-244

Serbia

UDC 575.21; 575.222.7

Original scientific paper

YUGOSLAV LOCAL GERMPLASM IN HYBRID MAIZE BREEDING

Milisav STOJAKOVIĆ, Đorđe JOCKOVIĆ, Goran BEKAVAC, Aleksandra NASTASIĆ, Nenad VASIĆ, and Božana PURAR

Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, M. Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Milisav Stojaković, Đorđe Jocković, Goran Bekavac, Aleksandra Nastasić, Nenad Vasić, and Božana Purar (2000): Yugoslav local germplasm in hybrid maize breeding. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 237-244.

When the spread of hybrid maize began in the mid-20^th century, local breeding materials were collected and assembled in gene banks in order to prevent their deterioration and enable their utilization in breeding to develop hybrid varieties. Numerous inbred lines from local populations were selected. The present study includes only those lines from the first cycle of selection that were used for the development of commercial hybrids. The contribution of domestic inbred lines to modern maize breeding consists in the following: 1) Domestic inbred lines possess great variability for most of the agronomically important traits. In nearly every group of lines (lines of the same origin comprise one group), lines with desirable traits have been found, lines that now represent new sources of variability in breeding programs on: grain yield, resistance to lodging, early maturity, ear bareness, grain quality, and other traits. 2) The domestic inbreds differ in their heterotic potential for grain yield when crossed with the inbred testers B73 (BSSS germplasm) and Mo17 (Lancaster Sure Crop germplasm). Lines originating from the populations Vukovarski Žuti Zuban, Šidski Žuti Zuban, Novosadski Zlatni Zuban, and Novosadski Žuti Zuban combine better with the inbred tester Mo17 than with B73, so they belong to the BSSS heterotic group. Lines originating from the populations Bankut Bajsa and Sočice are neutral, i.e. they respond equally to both types of germplasm (BSSS and Lancaster), so they can be said to belong to a new heterotic group.

Key words: maize germplasm, heterosis, heterotic groups

Corresponding author: Milisav Stojaković, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, M. Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Yugoslavia

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 245-253

Serbia

UDC 575.113.3

Review article

THE ANTHOCYANIN PATHWAY ANALYSIS IN MAIZE, A MODEL OF THE DISSECTION OF A BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY REVEALING THE COMPLEXITY OF GENE INTERACTION

Patricia LAUERT¹, Brian E. SCHEFFLER², and Udo WIENAND¹

¹ Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Universität Hamburg, 22 609 Hamburg, Germany

² USDA, ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, MS 38677, USA

Abstract

Patricia Lauert, Brian E. Scheffler, and Udo Wienand (2000): The anthocyanin pathway analysis in maize, a model of the dissection of a biochemical pathway revealing the complexity of gene interaction. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 245-253.

Many genes involved in the anthocyanin pathway in maize have been cloned and investigated molecularly. Among the structural and regulatory genes, the chalcone synthase (CHS) and intensifier genes (In) have been analyzed in our laboratory particularly. The CHS is a key enzyme of the anthocyanin pathway and together with ist homologue, the white pollen gene controls pigment synthesis and pollen function. Several alleles of C2 have been investigated, among them the C2-Idf allele, a dominant inhibitor. The intensifier gene is a regulatory gene of the pathway, molecularly related to the transcription factor R. From the intensifier gene the alleles In, in and In-D have been cloned and analyzed. The analysis of these alleles reveale interesting features concerning the structure and expression of the intensifier gene. Work is in progress to further define the function of this gene.

Key words: pathway analysis, maize, anthocyanin, gene interaction

Corresponding author: Udo Wienand, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22 609 Hamburg, Germany

e-mail: wienand@botanik.uni-hamburg.de

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 255-281

Serbia

UDC 631.527.12; 612.392.7

Review article

BREEDING MAIZE FOR NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND INDUSTRIAL USE

Zorica P. PAJIĆ, Janko O. DUMANOVIĆ, Milivoje S. MIŠOVIĆ,

and Milorad S. ROŠULJ

Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Zorica P. Pajić, Janko O. Dumanović, Milivoje S. Mišović, and Milorad S. Rošulj (2000): Breeding maize for nutritional value and industrial use. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 255-281.

Maize is primarily grown as an energetic crop, but the use of different specific versions, such as high-oil maize, high-lysine maize, waxy maize, amylose maize, flint maize, white maize, popcorn and sweet corn, is quite extensive. Traits of specific types require a special attention in the process of both selection and seed production, as well as in commercial production. Although breeding principles are equal for all maize types, the selection approach to each specific type is, to a certain extent, specific. Specific types of maize, due to their traits and genetic control of these traits, require a particular attention in handling breeding material during the processes of breeding. It is especially related to prevent uncontrolled pollination. In order to provide successful selection for a certain trait, specific procedures in evaluation of the trait are necessary, such as estimation of popping volume and flake quality in popcorn, determination of sugars and harvest maturity in sweet corn, determination of oil in selected samples of high-oil maize types, etc. Breeding programs for specific types of maize, except high-amylose maize, have been implemented at the Maize Research Institute “Zemun Polje”, Belgrade for the last 40 years. A great number of high-yielding sweet corn hybrids, popcorn, high-oil and high-lysine, flint and white maize hybrids were developed during this 40-year period. Auspicious selection and breeding for these traits is facilitated by the abundant genetic variability and technical and technological possibilities necessary for successful selection. In this article an overview of the results with different maize type is presented.

Key words: breeding maize, nutritional value, high-oil maize, waxy maize, high-lysine maize, sweet corn, popcorn, amylose maize, white maize

Corresponding author: Zorica Pajić, Maize Research Institute “Zemun Polje”, Slobodana Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun, Yugoslavia

tel.: +381-11-3756704, fax: +381-11-3756707

email: zpajic@mrizp.co.yu

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 283-301

Serbia

UDC 575.22; 577.112, 114

Review article

GENETIC AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES FOR UPGRADING STARCH AND PROTEIN FRACTIONS IN MAIZE KERNELS

V. ROSSI¹, H. HARTINGS¹, Richard D. THOMPSON², and Mario. MOTTO¹

¹ Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura – Bergamo Section, 24126 Bergamo, Italy

² Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln, Germany

Abstract

V. Rossi, H. Hartings, Richard D. Thompson, and Mario Motto (2000): Genetic and molecular approaches for upgrading starch and protein fractions in maize kernels. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 283-301.

Understanding the genetic organization and the regulatory mechanisms involved in carbohydrate and storage protein accumulation in maize seed may give use to novel approaches for increasing the nutritional value of grain and for producing materials for non-food manufacturing industries. In this review we have attempted to cover the recent research related to regulatory mechanisms of starch and storage protein synthesis in the maize seeds. In particular, we focus our attention on the developmental genetic and environmental factors which appear to influence the composition of carbohydrate and storage protein fractions in the seed. Genetic and molecular approaches for upgrading grain protein and starch quantity and quality of maize grains are also discussed.

Key words: Endosperm mutants, regulatory genes, storage proteins, carbohydrate accumulation, Zea mays L.

Corresponding author: M. Motto, Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura – Bergamo Section, Via Stezzano 24, 24126 Bergamo, Italy

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 303-317

Serbia

UDC 575.21, 22; 631.563

Review article

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SILAGE MAIZE VARIETIES UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

J. VAN WAES and L. CARLIER

Ministry of Small Enterprises, Traders and Agriculture, Centre for Agricultural Research – Ghent, Department of Crop Husbandry and Ecophysiology,

B – 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

Abstract

J. Van Waes and L. Carlier (2000): Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of silage maize varieties under different environmental conditions. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 303-317.

In Belgium each year about 100 new maize varieties are tested in official trials and compared with standard varieties. The criteria for evaluation are based on practical agricultural conditions. New varieties, coming out of the breeding programmes (classical or by biotechnology) must be better than existing ones. There is a quick evolution in the variety assortment. Furthermore agriculture is confronted with more and more regulations from the environment. Therefore the farmers needs reliable and neutral information about the variety behaviour under different environmental conditions. In this article we present the results of three factors which can have an influence on the maize variety behaviour : 1° culture plan (rotation, monoculture), 2° fertilization level and 3° harvest date. The results are mainly based on varieties tested during three years. Those varieties are in general stable over the locations. Under monoculture, compared to normal rotation, the total dry matter yield can decrease from –4 (1998) up to –23% (1996). Varietal differences can even be more important and the order of ranking under both exploitations can be different. For the dry matter content the varieties have nearly the same order of ranking. Differences between monoculture and rotation vary from –4% (1996) until + 8% (1998). Reducing the N-fertilization level (- 50 N in contrast with the normal advice) had a real influence on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the harvested silage maize. There is a tendency that the yield of a variety with a high potential decreases more at a lower fertilization, compared to a lower yielding variety. From the harvest date trials, we have seen that most tested varieties showed a similar pattern for total dry matter yield within a dry matter (whole plant) range of 26 – 35%. Late varieties have in general a higher yield at a later harvest (1^st half of October) but at the end of September their dry matter content can be to low for making a good silo. From this research we can conclude that the agricultural and environmental conditions can determine the final result of a maize culture. Therefore a good knowledge of the variety behaviour for different exploitations can be an important key to produce still silage maize on a cost-effective way, taken into account the environmental regulations.

Key words: fertilization, harvest date, monoculture, rotation, silage maize, varieties

Corresponding author: J. Van Waes, Ministry of Small Enterprises, Traders and Agriculture Centre for Agricultural Research – Ghent, Department of Crop Husbandry and Ecophysiology,

Burg. van Gansberghelaan 109, B – 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 319-329

Serbia

UDC 575.21; 635.07

Original scientific paper

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS CORN GENOTYPES AS A CRITERION OF TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY

Milica RADOSAVLJEVIĆ¹, Vitomir BEKRIĆ¹, Irina BOŽOVIĆ¹, and Jovan JAKOVLJEVIĆ²

¹ Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, Belgrade-Zemun

² Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Milica Radosavljević, Vitomir Bekrić, Irina Božović, and Jovan Jakovljević (2000): Physical and chemical properties of various corn genotypes as a criterion of technological quality. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 319-329.

Physical properties, such as test weight, 1000-kernel weight, kernel density, flotation index, water absorption index and kernel hardness and chemical properties: protein, starch and oil contents, of twenty the most widely grown ZP corn hybrids of different genetic background and utilization purposes were studied. The results showed wide ranges of chemical and physical properties among the selected corn hybrids. Protein, starch and oil contents ranged from 8.9 to 13.5%, 67.5 to 73.7%, and 4.1 to 6.5%, respectively. The test weight was within the range of 771.8-897.7 kg m^-3, while the 1000-kernel weight ranged from 121.6 to 392.7 g. The kernel density, i.e. flotation index was within the range of 1.23-1.34 g cm^-3, i.e. 0-71 %, respectively, while the water absorption index ranged from 0.155 to 0.278. Kernel hardness, expressed as a milling response, and a hard fraction portion varied in the tested samples from 9.4 to 19.9s and 49.6 to 75.2%, respectively. The correlation analysis points to a very great interdependence among certain physical and chemical properties. Obtained high correlation coefficients could be used to predict not so easily measurable parameters based on the known value of the corresponding easily measurable parameter. A wide scope of tested quality parameters offers many possibilities in selection and estimation of hybrids for certain purposes.

Key words: corn, grain quality, hybrids, physical and chemical properties

Corresponding author: Milica Radosavljević, Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, Slobodana Bajića 1, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Yugoslavia

tel.:+381-11-3756704, fax:+381-11-3756707

e-mail: rmilica@mrizp.co.yu

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 331-353

Serbia

UDC 575.113.2

Original scientific paper

THE DEVELOPMENT OF APOMICTIC MAIZE: UPDATE, PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVE

V.A. SOKOLOV and I. V. KHATYPOVA

Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia

Abstract

V.A. Sokolov and I. V. Khatypova (2000): The development of apomictic maize: update, problems and perspective. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 331-353.

The creation of apomictically reproducing maize allowed to reduce expenditures for seed-farming of heterozygous F₁ hybrids to enormous proportions due to the absence of segregation under reproduction through asexual seeds. The attempts to find genetically controlled apomixis in diploid or tetraploid maize failed. So at our laboratory a course, traditional in such cases, was taken - transfer of a trait, necessary from the selection point of view, from the closest relatives by a way of distant hybridization. The closest relative of maize having an apomictic mode of reproduction is tetraploid Tripsacum dactyloides 2n=4x=72. So with the purpose of obtaining apomictic maize hybridization of 2n=4x=40 Zea mays by Tripsacum was conducted. The amphidiploid F₁ hybrids had 2n=56 (20Zm + 36Td) and were apomicts having female fertility at the Tripsacum level with total male sterility. Their backcrosses using 2n=20 and 2n=4x=40 pollen parents allowed to develop a wide set of apomictic lines with reduction of Tripsacum chromosomes to the same 9. At the given stage this is a minimum number of the wild parent chromosomes providing the apomictic mode of reproduction in the hybrids. Thanks to many years of selection some apomictic lines with 2n=39 (30Zm + 9Td) and 2n=49 (40Zm + 9Td) are very close to maize in the ear size and the ear-to-row number. Nevertheless their male sterility and low seed set do not so far allow to speak about a possibility of their commercial use now.

Key words: Apomeiosis, apomixis, gamagrass, imprinting, maize, parthenogenesis

Corresponding author: V.A. Sokolov, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Lavrentjeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 355-362

Serbia

UDC 575.2; 631.527

Original scientific paper

MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF PROLIFICACY AND EFFECTS ON YIELD IN A SYNTHETIC POPULATION OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.)

Borovoje V. TRIFUNOVIĆ, Goran STANKOVIĆ, and Vladimir TRIFUNOVIĆ

Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Borovoje V. Trifunović, Goran Stanković, and Vladimir Trifunović (2000): Multiple regression analysis of prolificacy and effects on yield in a synthetic population of maize (Zea mays L.). – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 355-362.

In order to evaluate a synthetic population, as a source breeding material, and the applied method of selection, it is necessary to consider not only standard methods of visual estimation and testing of combining abilities, but also inter-relation of grain yield and its components. Multiple regression analysis was applied in this study in order to determine both the effects of certain traits on grain yield in the prolific synthetic population ZP SynP1(M)C_n and changes of correlation coefficients after three cycles of phenotypic recurrent selection (FRS) with control of both parents. Coefficients of determination reached high values at the genetic level, indicating that all essential components of grain yield (number of silks per plant, number of seed set ears, number of kernels per plant and 1000-kernel weight) were included in the investigation. It is obvious that the effects of recurrent selection (FRS) for greater number of ears were positively correlated to other components and that the number of ears per plant, with its direct impact on grain yield, was one of the fundamental factors.

Key words: multiple regression analysis, prolificacy, synthetic population, maize

Corresponding author: Borivoje V. Trifunović, Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Yugoslavia

e-mail: tborivoje@mrizp.co.yu

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 363-375

Serbia

UDC 577.175.1

Review article

STRESS RESPONSES: THE BZIP PROTEINS

Claudia NIEVA, Adela GODAY, Victoria LUMBRERAS, and Montserrat PAGÈS

Departament de Genetica Molecular. IBMB. CSIC. 08034 Barcelona, Spain

Abstract

Claudia Nieva, Adela Goday, Victoria Lumbreras, and Montserrat Pagès (2000): Stress responses: The bZIP proteins. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 363-375.

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in many physiological processes in plants. ABA is crucial for the response to environmental stresses such as desiccation, salt and cold. Recently, important advances have been made in understanding the pathways that induce ABA and how the ABA signal is transduced into physiological responses. ABA induces transcription of many genes and dissection of ABA responsive promoters has given new insight into the integration of ABA into stress response and seed development. Many ABA inducible genes encode proteins that are believed to protect the plant against the effects of dehydration. Therefore, efforts have also turned toward understanding functions of proteins that are induced during desiccation.We have analysed transgenic plants expressing the maize ABA responsive rab17 protein under a constitutive promoter. Vegetative tissues of transgenic plants are slightly more tolerant than untransformed controls to high salinity and drought. Because of the complexity of the stress response several genes will have to be expressed to achieve biotechnologically useful effects. In this context, high expression of several genes involved in stress tolerance can be achieved by making transgenic plants with a single regulatory gene such as a transcription factor of the ABA signal pathway. By using yeast one-hybrid screening we isolated several maize regulatory factors, which in turn regulate the expression of downstream genes involved in the stress response. The role of ABA in the activity of the factors and in regulation of the corresponding genes during desiccation will be discussed.

Key words: stress responses, bZIP proteins, ABA, maize

Corresponding author: Montserrat Pagès, Departament Genetica Molecular. CSIC

Jordi Girona 18, 08034 – Barcelona, Spain

Phone: 34-93-4006-131, Fax: 34-93-2045-904

e-mail: mptgmm@ibmb.csic.es

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 377-386

Serbia

UDC 575.222.5; 577.31

Original scientific paper

A STUDY OF FUNCTIONING OF THYLAKOID MEMBRANES IN INBRED LINES OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.)

Čedomir RADENOVIĆ, Ilija ŠATARIĆ, Ivan HUSIĆ, Mioljub M. MIŠOVIĆ, Milomir FILIPOVIĆ, and Lazar KOJIĆ

Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, 11188 Belgrade-Zemun, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Čedomir Radenović, Ilija Šatarić, Ivan Husić, Mioljub M. Mišović, Milomir Filipović, and Lazar Kojić (2000): A study of functioning of thylakoid membranes in inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.). – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 377-386.

Thermal processes of delayed chlorophyll fluorescence (DF) within an intact leaf segment of inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) within the temperature range of 24-60^oC were studied. The method for chlorophyll DF measurements is non-invasive and was developed in order to study the connection between bioluminescence and photosynthesis. Two maize inbreds (ZPPL 52 and ZPLK 132), that are considered to have a scientific and professional value in breeding, were observed. Obtained results on the temperature dependence of chlorophyll DF indicated that the inbred ZPPL 52 is more resistant to temperatures. The first temperature effect in this inbred was observed at 34^oC, while the maximum chlorophyll DF intensity is registered at 60^oC. The corresponding estimates in the inbred ZPLK 132 were detected at 31.5^oC and 52.0^oC, respectively. The air drought treatments of the inbred ZPLK 132 lowered the stated temperatures to 30.5^oC, i.e. 47.5^oC, respectively. Conformational changes were observed in thylakoid membranes of studied maize inbred lines. The obtained changes were determined by the number and the grade of critical temperatures. There were four critical temperatures in each of the studied inbreds, while there were five critical temperatures in the inbred ZPLK 132 under air drought treatment. Different levels of activation energy (E_a, kJ mol^-1) for chlorophyll DF thermal processes varied from -21,7 and -22.00to 241.44 kJ mol^-1. The values of E_a obtained in observed maize inbred lines differ over the number, sign and magnitude. Negative E_a values were detected in all cases of chlorophyll DF intensity increases with the temperature increase, which was established for the first time. Such values of E_aare explained by conformational changes in chlorophyll molecules and by their reactivity. Results and discussion of presented parameters of total thermal processes of chlorophyll DF (temperature dependence, critical temperatures and activation energy), can be an important factor for a more exact characterisation of maize inbred lines in relation to their resistance and adaptation to temperature and drought, contributing to a more rapid and rational development of the selection process.

Key words: thylakoid membrane, inbred line, maize, photosynthetic process, delayed chlorophyll fluorescence, critical temperature, activation energy

Corresponding author: Čedomir Radenović, Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, Slobodana Bajića 1, Slobodana Bajića 1, 11188 Belgrade-Zemun, Yugoslavia

E-mail: cradenovic@mrizp.co.yu

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 387-395

Serbia

UDC 575.4; 631.528

Original scientific paper

AN INVESTIGATION ON INCREASING THE YIELD OF MUTANT FORMS AFTER RADIATION MUTAGENESIS

Iurie G. ICHIM (IKHIM), Vasili G. SCORPAN, and Valery N. LYSIKOV

Academy of Science, Institute of Genetics, Chisinau, 2002 Moldova

Abstract

Iurie G. Ichim, Vasili G. Scorpan, and Valery N. Lysikov (2000): An investigation on increasing the yield of mutant forms in radiation mutagenesis. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 387-395.

A series of postradiation treatments of chemical and physical nature was used to study the variability of viability of M₁ of maize. These factors were some biological and synthetic regulators of growth, biologically active substances, electromagnetic irradiation of different frequency etc. A significant increase of the viability of mutants of the first regeneration was revealed under the influence of the sublethal doses of irradiation for some variants, as well as maintenance of the frequency and spectrum of variability of genetic processes induced by γ irradiation for the same variants.

Key words: sublethal dose, postradiation treatment, stimulating factors, safety system

Corresponding author: Iurie G. Ichim, Academy of Science, Institute of Genetics, Chisinau, 2002 Moldova

E-mail: bioekim@yahoo.com

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 397-405

Serbia

UDC 575.21; 631.529

Review article

EFFECTS OF AGROECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON ZP MAIZE HYBRID YIELD IN SERBIA

Živorad VIDENOVIĆ, Života JOVANOVIĆ, Branka KRESOVIĆ, and Miodrag TOLIMIR

Maize Research Institute “Zemun Polje”, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Živorad Videnović, Života Jovanović, Branka Kresović, and Miodrag Tolimir (2000): Effects of agroecological conditions on ZP maize hybrid yield in Serbia. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 397-405.

Maize hybrid yield is to the greatest extent affected by agroecological conditions and growing technology. The more suitable the maize growing technology, the higher the yield and then the crop can be planted over greater areas. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test ZP hybrids of various maturity groups and find out the top yielding hybrid under different agroecological conditions and ientical growing technology, especially the hybrid with the most stable yield. The following maize hybrids were studied: ZP 360, ZP 434, ZP 480, ZP 488 (FAO 300-400); ZP 570, ZP 580, ZP 599 (FAO 500); ZP 677, ZP 680 (FAO 600) in six locations (Kanjiža, Sombor, Zemun Polje - dry land farming, Zemun Polje - irrigation, Šabac and Leskovac). The results of the two-year investigation point to greater or smaller variation of yields of the investigated ZP maize hybrids under different agroecological conditions. The hybrids ZP 434, ZP 360 and ZP 677 expressed good general adaptability and stability.

Key words: maize, agroecological conditions, stability, yield

Corresponding author: Živorad Videnović, Maize Research Institute “Zemun Polje”, Slobodana Bajića 1, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Yugoslavia

Tel: +381-11-3756-704, Fax: +381-11-3756-707

E-mail: zvidenovic@mrizp.co.yu

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 407-418

Serbia

UDC 581.133.1; 631.842

Original scientific paper

CORN HYBRID SPECIFICITY IN NITROGEN UTILIZATION

Ljubiša STARČEVIĆ, Dragana LATKOVIĆ, and Jovan CRNOBARAC

Faculty of Agriculture and Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000 Novi Sad, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Ljubiša Starčević, Dragana Latković, and Jovan Crnobarac (2000): Corn hybrid specificity in nitrogen utilization. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 407-418.

We studied the reaction of NS corn hybrids to different nitrogen levels in soil. The study was conducted in stationary field experiments with increasing nitrogen doses and in experiments with organic and mineral fertilizers. The main objective was to gain information about hybrid specificity in respect to nitrogen utilization. We compared our new hybrids with old ones and made the following conclusions. Soil fertility and mineralization capacity significantly affected the yield and other characteristics of corn. Fertilizer effectiveness was inversely proportional to soil fertility. Yield, as well as other characteristics of corn, depended significantly on fertilization systems and hybrids used. Exceptions were harvest index and N index. The fertilizer combinations applied exhibited a much higher effect on the corn characteristics under study than the hybrids used. The new hybrids were superior to the old ones in grain yield and the efficiency of nitrogen utilization. This demonstrates the contribution of breeding to improved grain yield and the efficiency of nitrogen utilization. The content of N (proteins) in grain was highest in the hybrid NSSC-70 and lowest in the highest-yielding hybrids. Significant correlations, positive or negative, existed between the applied doses of N and the studied characteristics of corn. Statistically significant yield increases were obtained with the doses of 100 to 150 kgNha^-1, depending on the hybrid, although the regression values of the maximum were much higher. It was therefore concluded that, for chernozem soil, the optimum nitrogen doses are100-150 kgNha^-1, while a positive N balance in the soil may be achieved by plowing harvest residues under.

Key words: corn, hybrid specificity, nitrogen, N-efficency, N-content in grain, yield

Corresponding author: Jovan Crnobarac, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, Faculty of Agriculture and Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000 Novi Sad, Yugoslavia

E-mail: jovanc@polj.ns.ac.yu

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 419-430

Serbia

UDC 575.222; 631.527

Review article

EVALUATION AND BREEDING OF TRANSGENIC CORN

Duška STOJŠIN^{1, 3}, C.F. BEHR², O. HEREDIA¹, and Rade STOJŠIN¹

¹Monsanto Company, Trait Development Group, St. Louis, MO 63198

²Renessen L.L.C., Bannockburn, IL 60015

³Holden’s Foundation Seeds L.L.C., Trait Integration, Williamsburg , IA 52361, USA

Abstract

Duška Stojšin, C.F. Behr, O. Heredia, and Rade Stojšin (2000): Evaluation and breeding of transgenic corn. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 419-430.

Over the last 60 years, conventional corn (Zea mays L.) breeding has achieved significant improvement in yield and other agronomic characteristics. It has been only recently that breeders were given an opportunity to complement conventional selection methods with biotechnology approaches. The integration of a novel transgene into elite germplasm introduces expression of traits otherwise unavailable in corn, or enhances the expression of already existing traits. Some of the most important traits are insect and herbicide tolerance, enhanced nutrition, yield, production of pharmaceuticals and non-agricultural proteins. Breeding and evaluation strategies associated with transgenic corn are not as developed as those for non-transgenic corn. The objective of this paper is to discuss the evaluation, selection, and breeding of transgenic corn. Transgenic corn breeders should select for single-copy, single insert events that have stable expression and good agronomic performance. Five selection criteria are generally used to evaluate transgenic corn: transgene expression and efficacy, molecular characterization, segregation of the trait, agronomics, and transgene stability. All criteria are equally important and must be fulfilled for the successful commercialization of transgenic corn products.

Key words: breeding, evaluation criteria, event selection, transgenic corn, Zea mays

Corresponding author: Duška Stojšin, Monsanto Company, Trait Development Group, Mailzone GG6A, 700 Chesterfield Parkway North, St. Louis, MO 63198, USA

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 431-446

Serbia

UDC 575.113.2; 575.117

Review article

RELIABLE LEVEL OF MAIZE GENOME POLYMORPHISM: GENOME STRUCTURE OR EXPRESSION

Kosana KONSTANTINOV, Snežana MLADENOVIĆ DRINIĆ

Maize Research Institute “Zemun Polje”, 11185 Zemun – Belgrade, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Kosana Konstantinov, Snežana Mladenović Drinić (2000): Reliable level of maize genome polymorphism: genome structure or expression. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 431-446.

As biological functions in differentiated cells, except for cell division are expressed at the chromatin level, it is very important to collect more information on the actual level of polymorphism in order to understand biological processes better, including the genetic background of the heterotic effect in different genome combinations. Maize is paleotetraploid and many genes may be present in two or more copies, may be redundant or may have evolved divergent functions. Methylation could have an important role in this process and in this study methylation site polymorphism of the maize genome has been investigated. Within the scope of the heterosis phenomena investigation, two experimental approaches have been followed: (i) existing genome interaction by analysis of total soluble protein complex in parental inbreds and its hybrid combination different times after pollination and: (ii) the use of maize transgenic plants, obtained by NPT II marker gene integration. Transgenic hybrids expressed changes in izoenzyme pattern induced by bacterial gene integration in original inbred line. The bacterial gene also induced heritable shortening of the period of plant development before flowering.

Key words: genome polymorphism, heterosis, level of methylation, transgenic maize, Zea mays

Corresponding author: Kosana Konstantinov, Maize Research Institute “Zemun Polje”, 11185 Zemun – Belgrade, Yugoslavia

e-mail: kkosana@mrizp.co.yu

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 447-455

Serbia

UDC 575.827

Review article

ANTHER CULTURE AND HAPLOID BREEDING OF MAIZE

Zhongchen GUO, Yinggen YANG, Yiming GUO, and Jinxing LIN

Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China

Abstract

Zhongchen Guo, Yinggen Yang, Yiming Guo, and Jinxing Lin (2000): Anther culture and haploid breeding of maize. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 447-455.

The production of haploid plants by anther culture is considered to be a new effective means for obtaining maize pure lines. Up to now more than two hundred pure lines have been obtained from fifty different combinations. Furthermore several hundred cross combinations have been made from these pure lines, and some of which are used in agricultural production. The best culture medium was found to be basic medium N6 supplemented with 2mg/L 2,4-D, 0.5% active carbon, 500mg/L casein hydrolysate, 0.2mg/L TIBA and 15% sucrose. Low temperature preculture was the most effective for induction of embryoids and calli. Observation of more than 5000 pollen plants transplanted in to soil during the last few years demonstrated that pollen plants express diversified characters, but the H2 pollen plants have stable hereditary characters and few variations. The results show that Guihua No.1 and Guisan No.1 meet the requirements for crop breeding and that the breeding method using pollen haploids obtained from anther culture is useful for selection of corn hybrids that can be applied in agricultural production. By using this technique, the breeding period can be shortened greatly because the pure lines needed in breeding can be obtained within only 1 year. Corn anther culture can provide much experimental material for studying somatic cell genetics and chromosome engineering and also many germplasm sources for breeding.

Key words: anther culture, haploid breeding, maize

Corresponding author: Jinxing Lin, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 457-478

Serbia

UDC 575.827

Review article

CLASSICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO IMPROVE MAIZE BREEDING IN BULGARIA

Nikolay CHRISTOV¹, Elena MARINOVA¹, Mima ILCHOVSKA²,

Malinka IVANOVA², and Kiril HRISTOV²

¹Institute of Genetic Engineering, 2232, Kostinbrod,

²Maize Research Institute, 3230, Kneja, Bulgaria

Abstract

Nikolay Christov, Elena Marinova, Mima Ilchovska, Malinka Ivanova, and Kiril Hristov (2000): Classical and biotechnological approaches to improve maize breeding in Bulgaria. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 457-478.

Summarized results of the application of new and the newest genetic methods in maize breeding in the period 1980-2000 in Bulgaria is presented. On the background of the results from remote hybridization, mutation breeding and the breeding of “C” and “S” types cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) the following topics are covered: (a) Results of the mutation breeding (chemical mutagenesis and mutation breeding); (b) Possibilities for direct (vector-less) transfer of DNA from teosinte into the maize genome through treatment of maize pollen with teosinte DNA solution, followed by self pollination; (c) Some genetic and breeding aspects of the usefulness of embryo culture in maize breeding; (d) Results of “C” and “S” types cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) applications in maize breeding and seed production in Bulgaria; (e) Summarized results of statistical-genetics analyses. Assessment of the results of the application of selected methods for breeding and genetic rating of the genotypes including general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), general and specific adaptive ability of the genotypes, genotype reaction in ecological-genetics examination for combinations of environment, yield and ecological stability; (f) Summarized results of statistical genetics analyses of the heterosis and inbred depression in maize; (g) Reasons for the application of the ecological-genetic model of the quantitative trait organization (Dragavcev, 1995) in maize breeding are given.

Key words: maize, teosinte, breeding, quantitative traits, gene effects, stability, tissue culture, transformation, redetermination, heterosis, mutagenesis

Corresponding author: Nikolay Christov, Institute of Genetic Engineering, 2232, Kostinbrod, Bulgaria

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 479-485

Serbia

UDC 575.827; 575.22

Original scientific paper

SELECTION AT THE LEVEL OF HAPLOID SPOROPHYTE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE TRAITS OF DIPLOID PLANTS IN MAIZE

V.A. ROTARENCO and S.T. CHALYK

Institute of Genetics, Padurii str. 20, Chisinau 2002, Republic of Moldova

Abstract

V. A. Rotarenco and S.T. Chalyk (2000): Selection at the level of haploid sporophyte and its influence on the traits of diploid plants in maize. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 479-485.

The work was aimed at determining the efficiency of selection among haploid plants. Selection for plant traits was performed on haploids derived from a synthetic population. During selection, haploids were separated into three groups. The first group comprised haploids with high values for plant traits, the second one was characterized by medium manifestation of these traits, and the third one included haploid plants with the lowest values. Haploids of all three groups were pollinated with pollen of the MK-01y diploid line. Hybrids derived from each haploid group were compared and the effect of heterosis was determined. Separation of haploid plants into three groups by their size was reflected in the size of the diploid hybrid plants and their heterosis. Additive and epistatic gene effects selected at the level of haploid plants, in this case, had a significant influence on the heterosis effect in hybrid plants.

Key words: Zea mays, maternal haploids, inducer line ZMS,KMS,MHI, maize

Corresponding author: V. A. Rotarenco, Institute of Genetics, Padurii str. 20, Chisinau 2002, Republic of Moldova

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 487-493

Serbia

UDC 575.827; 575.22

Original scientific paper

STUDY ON OBTAINING HAPLOID PLANTLETS OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) BY GYNOGENESIS IN VITRO

Yiming GUO, Yinggen YANG, Zhongchen GUO, Hechun YE, and Jinxing LIN

Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China

Abstract

Yiming Guo, Yinggen Yang, Zhongchen Guo, Hechun Ye, and Jinxing Lin (2000): Study on obtaining haploid plantlets of maize (Zea mays L.) by gynogenesis in vitro. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 487-493.

Unfertilized female ears from three maize lines were inoculated on medium consisting of N6 basal medium + 2,4-D 1mg/L + NAA 1mg/L + BA 1mg/L + CH 200mg/L + colchicine 2 mg/L + sucrose 5% + agar 0.7%. A total of 26 ears (about 3900 ovaries) were inoculated, and each kind of material gave more or less seeds. The highest induction frequency was 3.06%, and the lowest was 1.90%. Five regenerated plantlets were obtained. Three of them were haploid (n=10), and the other two were diploid, as determined by examination of their chromosomes. When they were transferred to soil, four of them survived but only one diploid plant flowered and produced seeds normally. Through paraffin sections, we observed that embryogenesis originated inside the embryo sac.

Key words: gynogenesis; Zea mays L.; in vitro culture; haploid plantlet

Corresponding author: Jinxing Lin, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 495-505

Serbia

UDC 575.827; 632.35

Review article

BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM EAR ROT (FER) IN MAIZE

Á. MESTERHÁZY¹, G.Jr. KOVÁCS², and K. KOVÁCS²

¹Cereal Research Non-profit Co., Szeged,

²Agroselect, Szarvas, Hungary

Abstract

Á. Mesterházy, G.Jr. Kovács, and K. Kovács (2000): Breeding for resistance to fusarium ear rot (FER) in maize. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 495-505.

A methodology has been developed to breed inbreds and hybrids of maize highly resistant to Fusarium and Gibberella ear rot. Stalk rot and seedling stage resistance were also considered, as these traits are important to have a competitive hybrid on the market. In most cases seedling, stalk and ear rot resistance is inherited differently. However, it is possible to breed inbreds and genotypes for all parameters of Fusarium resistance. The resistance to F. graminearum and F. culmorum has the same background and there is a chance that this ensures resistance to other Fusarium species. The inbreds and hybrids developed demonstrate that the suggested way of selection results in highly resistant genotypes. It seems that a high level of ear rot resistance gives effective protection also against toxic metabolites of Fusarium spp.

Key words: resistance, ear rot, Fusarium sp., Gibberella sp., breeding

Corresponding author: Á. Mesterházy, Cereal Research Non-profit Co., Szeged, Hungary

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 507-515

Serbia

UDC 575.827; 632.35

Original scientific paper

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF RESISTANCE TO MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA (TASSI) GOID IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.)

Božana PURAR, Goran BEKAVAC, Milisav STOJAKOVIĆ, and Đorđe JOCKOVIĆ

Institute of field and vegetable crops, 21000 Novi Sad, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Božana Purar, Goran Bekavac, Milisav Stojaković, and Đorđe Jocković (2000): Genetic analysis of resistance to Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid in maize (Zea mays L.). – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 507-515.

The inheritance of resistance to the causal agent of charcoal stem rot Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, and water content in the internode below the ear was analyzed by Generation Mean Analysis over two years at two locations in Vojvodina. Chosen for the study were six crosses that had previously been determined to be different with regard to their resistance to the above pathogen. Different generations (P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁, BC₂) of one cross were included in the study in order to determine the values of parameters for additive and dominant gene effects and effects of two-gene epistasis. A randomized complete block design was used. Gene effects and the mode of inheritance were assessed from the analysis of generation means from a cross between two parents. Plants were artificially inoculated in the field by the toothpick method. It was found that additive genes played the most important role in the inheritance of both stem resistance to the causal agent of charcoal stem rot and water content in the internode below the ear.

Key words: resistance, Macrophomina phaseolina, charcoal stem rot, gene effects

Corresponding author: Božana Purar, Institute of field and vegetable crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Yugoslavia

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 517-527

Serbia

UDC 575.827; 632.954

Original scientific paper

THE RESPONSE OF MAIZE INBRED LINES TO HERBICIDE APPLICATION

Milivoje MILIVOJEVIĆ¹, Ivan HUSIĆ¹, Marija ŽIVANOVIĆ²,

and Milosav BABIĆ¹

¹ Maize Research Institute “Zemun Polje”, 11080 Belgrade,

² Faculty of Agriculture, 21000 Novi Sad, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Milivoje Milivojević, Ivan Husić, Marija Živanović, and Milosav Babić (2000): The response of maize inbred lines to herbicide application. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 517-527.

Different active substances, as well as the formulae of herbicides, affect not only weeds but also the maize crop. Since the level of susceptibility of inbred lines to herbicides is greater than that of commercial maize, possibilities of herbicide application in seed production should be evaluated in suitable field experiments. Thirteen commercial maize inbred lines were treated with four herbicide combinations: no herbicide treatment (T-0); EPTC + dichlormide + Atrazine (T-1); alachlore + linuron (T-2); prosulfuron + primisulfuron + adiuvant (T-3); rimsulfuron + pyridate + atrazine + adiuvant (T-4); in order to evaluate their applicability in maize seed production. The trial was carried out in two locations during two years. The effects of the applied herbicides were evaluated in relation to a control variant – without herbicide application and without weeds. The results obtained concerning economically important traits, first of all grain yield, indicated a reduction in relation to the control variant under the effects of T-3 and T-4. The yield decrease was mainly a result of the reduced 1000-kernel weight. T-4 application also led to a reduction of both total biomass and dry matter in the observed inbred lines. All four herbicide combinations caused statistically significant changes in plant height, ear height, leaf length, number of days from emergence to tasseling and silking, but the direction of these changes depended on a herbicide x trait interaction. The effects of the applied herbicides on germination viability and/or total vigor of emergence were not significant. According to these results it can be concluded that the herbicide combinations T-3 and T-4 are not in general recommendable for application in maize seed production, but the decision on their application should be based on the performance of each observed inbred line separately.

Key words: maize inbred line, herbicide application

Corresponding author: Milivoje Milivojević, Maize Research Institute “Zemun Polje”, 11080 Belgrade, Yugoslavia

e-mail: mmilivoje@mrizp.co.yu

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Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 32, No.3 (2000), pp. 529-545

Serbia

UDC 575.827; 578.85

Review article

BREEDING FOR VIRUS RESISTANCE IN MAIZE

Marcel QUINT, Albrecht E. MELCHINGER, Christina M. DUßLE,
and Thomas LÜBBERSTEDT

Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science, and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany

Abstract

Marcel Quint, Albrecht E. Melchinger, Christina M. Dußle, and Thomas Lübberstedt (2000): Breeding for virus resistance in maize. – Genetika, Vol. 32, No. 3, 529-545.

Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is an important disease in maize, which is emerging in Germany since 1983. Using this pest as a model for the inheritance of oligogenic traits, we clarified the genetic basis for resistance in early maturing European maize germplasm. Screening of 122 adapted European inbred lines identified three completely resistant lines, which were used for further analyses. The genetics of SCMV resistance was investigated by allelism tests in field experiments combined with QTL and bulked segregant analyses (BSA) on the marker level. QTL analyses revealed the presence of two major genes Scm1 and Scm2 plus three minor QTL. Involvement of Scm1 and Scm2 in the inheritance of SCMV resistance could be confirmed by BSA in a second cross. Breeders can make use of tightly linked STS markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS) as well as our SCMV resistant flint lines to improve their elite germplasm. Currently, recurrent backcrossing with phenotypic selection is the most appropriate and cost effective breeding method. With decreasing costs of DNA chip technology, MAS can be competitive with phenotypic selection in the near future. Further objectives of our research are the isolation and cloning of Scm1 and Scm2. To achieve this goal we follow two different approaches. (1) Positional cloning based on more than 500 AFLP primer combinations resulted in Scm1/Scm2 specific markers with a resolution of approximately 0.2 cM in the respective regions. (2) Resistance gene analogues (RGAs), cosegregating with the target genes are used to identify further candidate genes for transformation experiments.

Key words: clustering, MAS, resistance genes, virus resistance, Zea mays L.

Corresponding author: Marcel Quint, Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science, and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 21, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany

e-mail: quint@pz.uni-hohenheim.de

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