FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS

M. Korać, V. Ognjenov, Dinka Vujanić-Varga, P. Cindrić, Nada Korać, B. Đurić, Jelena Ninić-Todorović, S. Cerović, Branislava Gološin, Ksenija Macet:

Fruit and grape breeding

Janko Dumanović:

Plant breeding and genetic vulnerability

Kosana Konstatinov i Snežana Mezei:

New technologies in plant breeding - benefits and risks

A.S. Tsaftaris:

Recent developments in studying the molecular basis of heterosis

Marko Anđelković, Vasilije Isajev, Nada Vučinić-Barjaktarović:

Genetic basis and evolutionary sense of sexual reproduction

Cereal Breeding

Violeta Anđelković, Radmila Stikić, Sofija Pekić i Mile Ivanović:

Correlations between yield and yield components in two composite populations differing in abscisic acid content

Snežana Drinić-Mladenović, Kosana Konstantinov i Dragana Ignjatović:

A contribution to the study of the molecular basis of heterosis in maize

M. Babić, N. Delić, Z. Pajić i G. Todorović:

Identification of donors of favourable alleles for teh grain yield and popping volume in popcorn (Zea mays L. everta)

Goran Bekavac, Milisav Stojaković, Đorđe Jocković, Mile Ivanović, Marija Kraljević-Balalić, Jan Boćanski:

Correlations and path coefficient analysis for stay green in maize (Zea mays L.)

Jan Boćanski, Milisav Stojaković, Raško Popov i Goran Bekavac:

Changes of morphological characteristics in bsss maize populations via recurrent selection

Jelena Vančetović, Mile Ivanović, Goran Drinić i M. Vidaković:

Correlation between more important agronomic traits of S_l and HS families in two composites of maize

N. Delić, R. Petrović:

Evalution of stability parameters in ZP maize hybrids (Zea mays L.)

Goran Drinić i Jelena Vančetović:

Genetic and phenotypic correlation between agronomic traits in top-cross populations of maize (Zea mays L.)

Zorica Pajić, M. Babić, Milica Radosavljević:

Effects of carbohydrate composition changes on grain quality in sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata)

Goran Saratlić i M. Rošulj:

The optimum relationship between the number of replications and the number of locations in early testing of new maize hybrid combinations (Zea mays L.)

Milisav Stojaković, Goran Bekavac, Đorđe Jocković, Lazar Jakovljević:

Genetic and phenotypic correlations between the characteristics of reproductive organs of maize

G. Todorović, I. Šatarić, N. Delić:

Re-selection of parental components of the elite sc hybrid of maize (Zea mays L.) for grain yield

G. Todorović, I. Đatarić, N. Delić:

Heritability of the ear length in maize (Zea mays L.)

Borivoje V. Trifunović, Janko Dumanović i Vladimir Trifunović:

Expected and realised genetic gain from the phenotypic recurrent selection in the ZPSynP1 population of maize (Zea mays L.)

M. Ćirić, R. Nikolić, M. Katić, P. Stojnić, N. Marković:

The heritability of milk traits in the standard lactation of crossbread black-white cows

Đ. Jocković, M. Stojaković, D. Simić, J. Boćanski, G. Bekavac, B. Puran, R. Popov, N. Vasić:

Germplasm in maize (Zea mays L.) breeding in the next ten years

Kosana Konstantinov, Goran Saratlić, Snežana Mladenović, I. Verešbaranji, Snežana Gošić:

A contribution to the study of genetic control of fatty acid biosynthesis in the maize kernel

D. Kovačević, Vesna Lazić-Jančić, S.A.Quarrie:

Accumulation of RAB17mRNAs in maize leaves during drought stress in the field

Momčilo Bošković, Jelena Bošković:

Genetic differentiation of new sources of resistance to Puсcinia recondita tritici

Miodrag Dimitrijević, Sofija Petrović, Marija Kraljević-Balalić:

Environmental and genetic variability of yield components in wheat

Tomislav Živanović, Gordana Šurlan-Momirović, Vesna Vujačić, Vera Rakonjac:

The components of genetic variability and heritability of the quantitative wheat cultivar and hybrid traits

Jadranka Ivezić, Slobodanka Pajević, Ljiljana Merkulov, S. Denčić, B. Krstić:

Genotype specificity of photosynthesis and of the anatomy of wheat leaves

Zoran Jerković i Marija Todorova:

Inheritance of different types of resistance to Puccinia recondita tritici

Borivoje Jovanović, Yueming Yan, Slaven Prodanović i Novica Mladenov:

Application of the electrophoretic method for estimating the mode of inheritance of gliadin components in the F₂ generation of wheat

Desimir Knežević, M. Pavović, V. Zečević, I. Božinović, Ž. Jestrović, M. Kuburović, D. Urošević, Z. Jestrović:

Genetic analysis of tillering in wheat hybrids (Triticum aestivum L.)

Desimir Knežević:

Genetic diversity of wheat cultivars according to the gli- allele composition

Marija Kraljević-Balalić, Miodrag Dimitrijević i Sofija Petrović:

Genotype/environment interactions of yield components in wheat

Ankica Kondić i Stanislav Šesek:

Albino regenerants: significance on the application of the in vitro anther culture in wheat breeding

M. Milovanović, M. Pavlović, D. Đokić, R. Ognjanović i M. Jelić:

An investigation of sоmе agronomic and рhysiоlogiс trаits in genotypes of T. durum created in Kragujevac

Danica Mićanović, Zora Sarić i Miloje Sarić:

A possibility of breeding wheat for utilization of free nitrogen in nutrition

Ivan Mihaljev:

Resistance to diseases and grain yield as criteria for the approval of winter wheat varieties

Gojko Mladenović, Miroslava Jevtić, Slaven Prodanović i Dragan Petrović:

Assessment of yield stability of spring varieties and lines of wheat by analysis of the interaction genotype x environment

M. Pavlović, D. Knežević, M. Kuburović, A. Đokić:

Variability and inheritance of the length of the second (basal) internode in wheat hybrids (Triticum aestivum L.)

Stevan Petrović, Marija Kraljević-Balalić i Petar Rončević:

The inheritance of yield components in spring wheat

Sofija Petrović, Marija Kraljević-Balalić i Miodrag Dimitrijević:

The inheritance and gene effect for plant height and harvest index in different wheat genotypes

Stanislav Šesek:

Spontaneous doubled haploids in wheat anther cultures its significance in breeding programs

Marija Šarić, Nataša Milutinović, Nada Hladni, Nada Filipović i Milan Gnip:

Variations of the quantity of quality of wheat protein depending on the genotype and agroecological conditions

D. Maksimović, M. Krstić, R. Ognjanović, D. Mihajlija, G. Mihajlija:

Some trаits of new lines of barley and oats in federal commission trials

Milomirka Madić:

Inheritance of tillering in barley hybrids (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Novo Pržulj i Vojislava Momčilović:

Agronomic and technological characteristics of the new spring malting barley varieties

D. Radović, Ljiljana Vapa, V. Milankov, M. Tanurdžić:

Isozyme variability of barley esterases and their application in cultivar identification

M. Ivanoski, Desimir Knežević, Mirjana Menkovska:

Inheritance of some kernel quality characteristics of hybrids at F4 generation of Triticum aestivum L.

Industrial Plant Breeding

Dragana Vasić, Lj. Vasiljević, Ana Marjanocić i D. Škorić:

The effect of cytokinins on regeneration of sun flower plants

Miomir Golubović, Dejan Jovanović:

An investigation of pollen morphophysiological characteristics in different sunflower genotypes

Dejan Jovanović i Miomir Golubović:

Variability of the protein and oil content in seeds of self-fertilization sunflower lines

Petar Dokić i Milisav Stojaković:

The effect of inbreeding on the variability of quantitative characteristics of sugar beet

Nevena Kuprešanin, Snežana Mezei, Z. Keserović, N. Mićić i Lazar Kovačev:

Anatomical analysis of some stage of embryogenesis in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

Lazar Kovačev, N. Čačić, Snežana Mezei i P. Sklenar:

Cluster analysis of S₂ families of four sugar beet selffertile monogerm populations

V. Manojlović, Ž. Nikolić, M. Nešković, Lj. Ćulafić, S. Radović:

In vitro induction of dihaploids of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

Snežana Mezei, Nastasija Mrkovački, Lazar Kovačev, Nevena Kuprešanin i P. Sklenar:

The effect of isolated strains of azotobactгer chroococcum on sugar beet hybrids

Nastasja Mrkovački, Snežana Mezei i Lazar Kovačev:

Association ability of azotobacter strains with sugar beet

I. Stančić, Ž. Nikolić, Slaven Prodanović:

The influence of polyploidy of parental genotypes on the productivity of the F₁ generation of hybrid sugar beet

N. Čačić, Snežana Mezei, Lazar Kovačev i P. Sklenar:

Estimation of combining ablities and gene action for some sugar beet root traits

Milica Hrustić, M. Vidić i J. Miladinović:

Germplasm in soybean breeding in the following years

Mirjana Jovanović, Lj. Prijić, Irina Božović, Slađana Žilić:

The frequency of lines with a reduced tripsin inhibitor activity in grain in early testing of soybean grain yield

Gordana Prodanović i Jelena Bošković:

Quantitative and qualitative traits in the F₄ generation of soybean (Glycine max (L) (Merril) lines in relation to parents

Janoš Berenji i Vladimir Sikora:

Breeding hybrid varieties of broomcorn

Jelena Bošković, Momčilo Bošković, Gordana Prodanović:

A review of identified resistance genes to Puccinia recondita tritici in the gene-for-gene system

Mirjana Vasić, Jelica Gvozdenović-Varga, Dušanka Bugarski:

Grain yield per plant in white bean crosses

Jelica Gvozdenović-Varga, A. Takač, Mirjana Vasić, J. Červenski:

Characteristics of bulbs of onion populations (Allium cepa L.)

Đuro Gvozdenović:

The inheritance mode of the fruit mass of pepper hybrids (Capsicum annuum L.)

Vladislava Galović:

Determination of the genetic identity of the hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cultivar „Bačka”

R. Đorđević, Ž. Marković, Ljiljana Stanković, V. Pešić:

Effects of the „AFILA” gene on pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain formation

M. Zdravković, D. Corokalo, R. Đorđević, J. Zdravković:

The influence of inherited factors on inheritance of the first pod height in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

J. Zdravković, Ž. Marković, M. Damjanović, Z. Sušić:

This influence of the locule number in tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculetum Mill.)

B. Zečević, D. Stevanović, A. Obradović:

The inheritance of pericarp thickness in some pepper genotypes

D. Jovićević, Đ. Gvozdenović, Marija Kraljević-Balalić, Mirjana Vasić, Dušanka Bugarski:

Genetic analysis of the number of seeds in pods per pea plant (Pisum sativum L.)

Z. Lugić, M. Ivanović, Kosana Konstatinov, Dušica Delić i Jasmina Radović:

A multiple regression analysis of the dry matter yield and principal parameters of biological nttrogen fixation intensity in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

R. Marinković, Ana Marjanović-Jeromela:

A genetic analysis of yield and some seed yield components of castor beans (Ricinus communis L.)

Jasmina Radović, Z. Lugić i Biljana Urošević:

A study of production features of the domestic populations of alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.)

Ljiljana Stanković, M. Zdravković, Tatjana Sretenović-Rajičić, N. Nevenkić:

Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) sex expression modified by ethrel

A. Takač, Đ. Gvozdenović, Jelica Gvozdenović-Varga, Mirjana Vasić:

Interdependence of the characteristic of furit and yield of egg-plants (Solaпum melongena L.)

Zorica Tomić, Gordana Šurlan-Momirović:

Breeding of sepcies from genus Agrostis L.

J. Červenski, Đ. Gvozdenović, Mirjana Vasić:

Genotypic variability of quantiatative characteristics of cabbage

Dušica Delić, Z. Lugić, Jelena Knežević-Vučković, Draga Simić:

Select ion of rhizobium meliloti cultivars with in creased intensities of nitrogen fixation

Ištvan Verešbaranji, Marija Kraljević-Balalić, Mira Pucarević i Vukosava Đorđević-Milić:

Phenol acids as markers of plant resistance to diseases

A.E. Špakov, V. Pešić, J.A. Volčkov:

Genetic heterogeneity and ecological stability of tobacco cultivars

Woody Plant Breeding

Gojko Avramović, Vojislav Guzina, Saša Orlović:

Assessment of the susceptibility of some poplar clones to causal agents of leaf and bark diseases

Srđan Bojović and Slobodan Šmit:

The terpene-morphological approach to the taxonomy of blac pine

Dragica Vilotić:

Prоperties of lignum rays of virgilian oak (Quercus virgiliana Ten. (Ten.) on different sites in the deliblato sands

Dragica Vilotić, Rade Cvjetićanin, Vojislav Janković:

Morphological characteristics significant for the selection and breeding or bitter oak (Quercuc cerris L.)

M. Vučković, V. Stamenković, D. Vuletić:

Growth charac teristics and vitality of different douglas fir provenances

Branislava Grbović:

Individual variability of the pollen of Picea omorrica (PANČ.) purkyne from the culture at Bela Zemlja

Matilda Đukanović, Stevan Dožić, Dragica Obratov:

Some physiological-genetic characteristics of spruce from Kopaonik

Vasilije Isajev, Aleksandar Tucović, Milan Mataruga and Mirjana Šijačić-Nikolić:

The effect of forces self-fertilization on seedling characteristics of the tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima Swingle)

Branislav Kovačević, Vojislav Guzina and Saša Orlović:

Variability of leaf morphometric parameters of intra and interspecies hybrid progenies of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.)

Vera Lavadinović, Miloš Koprivica, Vasilije Isajev:

The influence of seed germinability on the survival and height of two-pear old douglas fir plants of different provenances

A. Mančić, Vasilije Isajev, Milan Mataruga:

The application of auto vegetative reproduction by rooting cuttings for tree improvement

Biljana Nikolić:

The successful introduction and variability of populations of PILAUS WALLICHIANA, A.B. Jacks, in Belgrade and its surroundings

Saša Orlović Vojislav Guzina, Branislav Kovačević:

Results of black poplar (Section aigeiros) selection for rapid growth

Boro B. Pavlović:

Selection factors and random processes of the formation of the population genetic structure in afforestation with nursery seedlings

B.P.Pavlović, Biljana Nikolić, Mara Tabaković-Tošić, Branislava Grbović, Dragana Stojčić, Nataša Rasulić, Vera Lavadinović, S. Bojović, R. Marović:

Improvement of cocoon characteristics of some strains and hybrids of silkworm

V. Stamenković, M. Vučković, Z. Simić:

Increment characteristics of early-leafing and late leafing pedunculate oak (Quercus robur)

Mihailo Tošić:

Some morphological features of Pinus sylvestris L. var Zlatiboriсa oman. and Pinus sylvestric aurea Zlatiborensis Tošić

Mirjana Šijačić-Nikolić, Vasilije Isajev, Milan Materuga:

Variability of seedling properties of eight spruce provenances in the pilot plot in the nursery at Ivanjica

Z. Keserović, Đ. Gvozdenović, M. Milovankić:

Macrogametogenesis in some cherry and sour cherry cultivars

L.M. Avramov, M.D. Milutinović, D.T. Nikolić:

Investigations of perspective interspecies hybrids of grapevine

M.D. Milutinović, D.T. Nikolić, M.M. Milutinović:

Selection of large fruit genotypes from the mira belle (PRUNUS CERASIFERA EHRH.) population

N. Mićić, R. Cerović, Gordan Đurić:

The structure of the megagametophyte in diploid and triploid apple cultivars

M. Mitrović:

Pollution and fruit setling in walnuts (Juglans regiu L.)

D. Ogašanović, V. Papić, Radunka Plaznić:

Plum hybrid I/14 CK - an excellent dryinig plum

Vera Rakonjac:

Correlation between morphological characteristics and seed germination in the wild sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

Miloljub Stanisavljević:

Breeding of black currant cultivars resistnat to late spring frosts

Ž. Tešović, Slađana Nidžović, M. Srećković:

The genetic basis of fruit anthocyanins in apple species, cultivars and selections

R. Cerović, M. Nikolić, S. Milenković:

Breeding of sour cherries for quality and resistance to Rhagoletis cerasi L. and Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm.) v. Arx.

R. Cerović, N. Mićić, M. Nikolić, Gordana Đurić:

Determination of pollen viability and germinability in apple (Malus domestica L.) and sweet cherry (Prunusavium L.)

Animal Breeding

Radiša Nikolić, Milovan Katić, Radmila Beskorovajni, Nenad Brkić, Petar Stojić, Miroslav Ćirić:

The estimation of heritability of dairy traits of block-white cows by the mixed model

Petar Stojić, Milovan Katić, Ljubomir Lazarević, Dušan Latinović, Gligorije Trifunović, Radmila Beskorovajni, Nenad Brkić:

Repeatability of dayly milk yields during lactation in black-pied cows

Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE BIOMETRICAL CONCEPT IN STUDIES OF HETEROSIS

Mile Ivanović

The majority of existing theories on heterosis could be classified into two, mutually opposite grups. The first thery founds the genetic basic of heterosis ou super dominance, and the second one on the dominance of favourable genes responsible for the expresses of a certain quantitavie trait. Although a generally accepted model has not yet been introduced recent theoretical and experimental results, obtained mostly by English authors, faour the theory of dispersion dominance. The biometrical concept of heterosis seems to be suitable for its explanation, regardless of interpopulation or interline F1 progeny. The average value;; of progenies in interpopulation crosses (following Hardy- Weinberg parental equilibrium) using standard Falconer's symbolic, would amount to F1= a (pp' - gg') + d(pq' + qp'), while the effect of heterosis would be h = a [pp' - qq' - (1/2)(p - q + p'- q')] + d[(pq'+ qp') - )pq - p'q')] = d (p - p')² if p + q = p' + q' = l. The presented relation clearly shows that h = f (d), so for each h>0 the value of d is d>0. The expected value of heterosis in F₁ progenies of two homozygous parents in relation to the estimated (F1 - P1) (where positive heterosis is expressed in relation to the better parent P1), using Mather's symbolic, could be expressed by formulas: h = [h] - [d], (as the difference between the dominant and additive gene effect), or h = ([h] + [1]) - ([d] + [i], (in the case of digenic epistasis). After using appropriate algebraic ratios for the value h>0, it is clear that the effect of heterosis will be higher if the value of [h], i.e. of ([h] + [1]) is higher than the value of [d], i.e. of ([d] + [i]). Some more complex models of the biometrical concept of heterosis will also be discussed in this paper.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF WHEAT SELECTION FOR NITROGEN

NUTRITION EFFICIENCY

Dragoljub Đokić

This paper analyzes the bases for the establishment of what varieties efficient in nitrogen nutrition, i.e. varieties with modest requirements of nitrogenous fertilizers. The efficiency of nitrogen nutrition is assessed by the increase of the yield per unit of fertilizer nitrogen. The efficiency of fertilizing with nitrogen (EFN) is realized through the accumulation of nitrogen from fertilizers (AN) and its utilization (UN) by the plant in the formation of yield, i.e. it is their product:

EFN = EAN x EUN = x =

Based on this relation, the yield can be defined as the product of nitrogen accumulation and utilization in the plant: Yg = AN x EUN (FEN). The same yields can be obtained by the addition of high values of one and low values of another, or moderate values of both parameters. By uniting the high values of both paramters in the new genotypes, without the disturbance of the balance of physiological processes, a further increase of the yield and efficiency of nitrogenous fertilizers can be realized. The wide range of variation of these parameters indicates that the selection is promising in this respect. The analyses show that the absorption of nitrogen by wheat can be increased from the present 50 % to 75 %, and the utilizaiton from the present 40 to 50 kg of grain per kilogram of plant nitrogen. This would enable the cutting of the amounts of nitrogenous fertilizers in wheat production by half. In addition to the above two parameters which directly affect and determine the level of efficiency of nitrogenous fertilizers; several other parameters have also been analyzed, which directly or indirectly affect the accumulation and utilization of nitrogen in the plant. The analyses included: biological and agricultural yield; mass, activity and duration of rout activity; nitrogen concentration in the plant; activity of enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in the plant; accumulation of nitrogen in the plant in the period before and after fertilization; harvest index of nitrogen; re-utilization of nitrogen in the vegetative organs by the grain in the reproduction period. If wheat selection in this respect is to be more successful, it is necessary to know the genetic bases of these processes. As nitrogen accumulation from fertilizers and its utilization in the plant are processes separated in space and time, it is supposed that these processes are controlled by two separate genetic systems. Up to now, these systems have been insufficiently investigated.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

FIFTEEN YEARS OF THE RECURRENT SELECTIОN FOR A HIGH OIL CONTENT IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

Goran Saratlić

In the Maize Research Institute - Zemun Polje, the selection program for a high oil content in maize started in 1980 by establishing the synthetic maize populations, DS7u and YuSSSu. The purpose of this experiment was to study population responses to phenotypic, mass selection, inbreeding depression, heterosis and correlations among important agronomic traits of two high oil maize populations mutually forming a heterotic pair. Also, changes in additive and dominant allele frequencies, caused by the recurrent selection for a high oil conten, as well as genetic drifts in populations were observed. Statistical and biomc;trical dataa analysis included the analysis of variance of the TRIPLE LATTICE design, regression analysis according to Eberhart (1964) and the model proposeb by Smith (1979a;19796 and 1983). This model allows the separation of selection effects due to additive and dominant alleles, from the total response. Investigation of changes in allele frequencies and determination of genetic drift effects and their contribution to the population response to selection. Obtained results proved the efficiency of mass, phenotypic, recurrent selection for a high grain oil content for both investigated populations per se and in interpopulation crosses. The observed direct responses to selection in populations per se were 15.13 % cycle^-¹ and 12.80 % cycle^-¹ for DS7u and YuSSSu populations, respectively. while the indirect response measured in interpopulation crosses was 14.35 % cycle^-1. Other agronomic traits of these populations changed simultaneously with t:he increase of the oil content. The grain yield decreased in the DS7u population, and increased in the YuSSSu population, simuitaneusly with the oil contest increase, during selection cycles. The genetic drift was not important in the DS7u population, while it caused an increase of the oil contentt in the YuSSSu population. The genetic drift in both populations caused a grain yield reduction. Both populations could be used as a source for the development of inbred lines with a high oil content, high grain yield and other important agronomic traits. Yielding, high-oil hybrids could be derived from a cross of these inbreeds.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

MOLECULAR MARKERS AND THEIR USE IN QTL ANALYSIS

Steve Querry

The advent of molecular markers (particularly RFLP and PCR-derived) for use as probes for genomic DNA has revolutionized the genetic analysis of crop plants and provided not only geneticists, but also physiologists, agronomists and breederg with valuable new tools to identify and tag traits of agronomic importance. A wide range of molecular markers is now available, and these have advantages and disadvantages depending on the facilities available and genetic stock, to be examined. For the breeder, a genetic map saturated with molecular markers allows selection for certain characters to be carried out much more efficiently and effectively than was possible previously. High densily maps allow the location of all major genes regulating the expression of a particular trait to be determined, and statistical methods have been developed to allow quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the trait to be identified. Not only does this allow the complexity of the genetic control of any trait to be determined, but by comparing the extent to which confidence intervals of QTL for different traits overlap it is possible to examine the likelihood that traits are pleiotropically linked. The biochemists and molecular biologists can use the candidate gene approach to determine the likely importance of a specific gene product in determining the plant phenotype. Thus, cDNA probes to known function genes can be mapped and QTL analysis will show whether the gene is located within the confidence intervals of QTL for traits of interes. An alternative method for testing the importance of particular genes in trait expression is using bulked segregants: populations of plants selected to differ in expression of a particular trait. Differenees in allele frequency between the two bulks, identified by hybridization with known-function CDNAs, indicate the regions of the genome where genes important in determining the trait are located. Examples of these techniques will be given.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURES ON THE METABOLISM OF CEREALS

Emil Paldi

I would like to discuss the effect of cold temperatures on wheat, barley and maize. Investigations are underway on the effect of cold temperatures on the rRNA maturation process in barley and wheat varieties with different degrees of frost resistance. It has been found that low temperature causes both quantitative and qualitative changes in rRNA processing. In varieties with poor frost resistance the last precursors of the stable cytoplasmic rRNAs are found to accumulate, demonstrating that the process is inhibited. These results could serve as the basis for the elaboration of a selection method. Detailed studies have been made on the synthesis of polyamines during long-term low temperature treatment in wheat varieties and eluomosome substitution lines with various degrees of frost resistance. The results indicate that the allternative pathway of polynmine biosynthesis, present only in higher plants plays an important role in the metabolism taking; place at low temperatures. In addition to putrescine, the low temperature induced synthesis of agmatine can also be demonstrated. Quantitative changes in certain N-containing compounds (putrescine-agmatine, proline and glycinebetaine) have been examined in detail during the could tolerance process of maize, and correlations have been sought between the accumulation of these compounds and the low temperature sensitivity of the given maize genotype. Maize lines selected by breeders on the basis of their response to low temperatures were used in the experiments. It was found that all three N-containing compounds were suitable, through to different extents, for characterising the cold tolerance of maize lines. The HPLC method was used to separate polyamines and proline, while glycine-betaine was identified using gas chromatography.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF HEXAPLOID WHEAT VIA PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT OF YOUNG ZYGOTIC AND MICROSPORE DERIVED EMBRYOS

Geza Kovacs, Imre Takacs and Beata Barnabas

The genetic modification of plants used in vitro cultures and transformation techniques has opened the way to studying the processes of gene regulation, metabolic pathways and the introduction of foreign DNA of agronomic interest into the plant genome. In various plant species, protection against insects, viruses and herbicides has been documented after gene transfer, mostly in dicotyledonous plants using the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Unfortunately the Agrobacterium-mediated transfomation system cannot be used, for agronomically important cereals, therefore, the genetic manipulation of these species is still difficult. Nevertheless, two alternative transofmration techniques have proved to be successfull in obtaining fertile transgenic plants from wheat: the direct gene transfer into isolated protoplast and the method of microprojectile bombardment. In the case of protoplast transformationthe fundamental problem does not seems to be the delivery of DNA, but the establishment of long term regenerative suspension cultures, from which transgenic plants can be recovered efficiently. However, microprojectile-mediated gene transfer has the potential to overcome theise limitations by directly targeting tissues or cells which can easily be obtained and manipulated in vitro. A reproducible transformation system for hexaploid wheat was developed during the last few years in our laboratory based on particle bombardment of young zygotic and microspore originating haploid embryos. Particle bombardment was carried out using a high pressure nitrogen driven particle gun (Made in Hungary, registered as a Gene Booster). The plant material was bombarded with the plasmidpDB1 containing the (b-glucuronidase gene (uidA) under control of the actin-1 promoter of rice, and the selectable marker gene bar (phosphinotricin acetyltransferase) under control of the CaMV 35S promoter. Haploid and zygotic embryos were screened for the enzyme activity by the histochetnical GUS assay, l week after bombardment regeneration was carried out on a 5 mg/1 Basta (Glufosinate-ammonium) containing media for the detection of pupative transgenic plants. The haploid and diploid regenerants were sprayed with an aqueous solution of the herbicide Basta. The molecular analysis indicated the presence of the introduced foreign genes in the genomic DNA and the marker genes weree found in most of the regnerants. The offspring are presently under investigation. This work was partly supported by the Hungarian Scientific Reserach Fund (OTKA) No. T6009.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

ACHIEVEMENTS AND FLEMENTS OF ANIMAL BREEDING

Vitomir S. Vidović

The beginning of animal breeding is closely related to the domestication of wild species and the development of agriculture 12.000 years ago. Exactly, it was the selection of better animals, that survived more easily the environmental conditions they lived in, and then of those that produced more milk, eggs, meatt or these with better fur, with the aim to provide more food instead of hunting and fishing. The development of linoc and breeds is of a receant date in animal breeding. Our country is mot beluind regarding the herd book, neccessary evidence and tests, but it is late in the application of these achievements. The most important reasons are pure theoretical knowledge at schools and among producers in the field of genetics and animal breeding, and that is of course the result of the isolation of this branch and unefhcient organization of stock production breeders, and especially wrong state programmes concerining stock production. In more developed conntries animal breeding is at a high level today including our contry, but strategy only the state production level. Private fanus wlueh have the greatest port in stock production are not organized of a professionnal level. They are bohind at a bad stale strategy and a poor level of procducers knowledge especially in the held of genetics and animal breeding. Genetic achievements in breeding animal species (cattle, pigs, poultry,..) in relation to natural (original) populations have made considerable progress, 3-4 times, yet with fish hardly ony proposess has been made. There exist realistic tendencies for further achievements regarding the genetic limit.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GERMPLASM IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.) BREEDING IN THE NEXT
TEN YEARS

Dragan Škorić and Lazar Kovačević

The choice of germplasm plays an important role in breeding program, whether an applied breeding program for inbred line development or population improvement. Maize is an extremely diverse genus, with a lot of morphological and biological differneces. The expression of heterosis depends on the differences in gene frequency of the parental stocks, whether varieties or inbred lines are used to produce the crosses. In the last 40 to 50 years, when it was realized that a great amount of variability existed within the species Zea mays, organized efforts made to collect, study, preserve, and use potential genetic resources in all parts of the world. Consequently, in our country at tempts have been made to introduce foreign materials into domestic breeding programs. Taking into account our climatic conditions, the introduction of foreign maize breeding materials in breeding programs is a tedious and time-consuming task. Several populations are in improvement processes. Different recurrent selection methods used for population improvement depend on the breeding aim and basic material. Several hundreds of different types of crosses are used each year for making the basis material to createe maize lines as parents for maize hybrids of different maturity groups and with different properties. In our country there is rich maize breeding material. In the next 10 years, the main target in the maize germplasm is to work on the improvement of genetic variability and to find new heterotic pairs for the continued progress of maize breeding.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GERMPLASM IN SOYВЕАN BREEDING IN THE NEXT TEN YEARS

Milica Hrustić, M. Vidić and J. Miladinović

Soybean belongs to the genus Glycine consisting of two subgenea. There are seven wild parennial varieties in the subgenus Glycine Willd. Wild species Glycine soja Sieb & Zuce belong to the subgenus Soja (Moench) (former G. ussiriensis) and the cultivated variety Glycine max (L.) Merril F.J. Hemn anempis ap the for intraspecies and interenus hybridization have thrown some light on phylogenetic, cytological and biochemical relationships among species, but still have not made possible the use of wild species as sources of genetic variability in soyabean breeding programs. Up to now, all cultivated varieties have originated from crosses of genotypes belonging to G. max species only. Many countries in the World have smaller or bigger collections of soyabean genotypes typical for certain regions. The most complete collection of soyabean genotypes, consisting of introduced and cultivated varieties, as well as, some wild soyabean relatives, is placid in U.S.A., Urbana, Ill. The Soybean Genetic Collection is divided into four categoris: type collection, osiline collection, linkage collection, cytological collection. Their are regulary published in the Soyeabean Genetics Newsletter. In our county there exists a collection of varieties and a smaller number of lines with known genes. Since germplasm collection and genetic collection are at the disposal of all concerned scientific institutions, it is possible to include some of these lines in our breeding programs, as well.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GENETICALLY MANIPULATED RESISTANCE TO VIRAL FUNGAL AND BACTERIAL DISEASES IN TOBACCO

A. Atanassov, M. Yankulova, V. Nikolaeva, P. Stoeva, R. Bachvarova, S. Slavov, V. Vulkov, S. Atanassova, Z. Vassilieva, Š. Bosolova, Š. Gelemerevo

Tobacco is one of the most important industrial crops for Bulgaria. A number of pathogens: viruses, bacteria and fungi cause serious losses in tobacco production. In addition to classical breeding approaches plant biotechnology techniques provide novel tools to create resistance to various pathogens. In our study two different approaches have been demonstrated to successfully produce tobacco varieties resistant to economically important diseases: Genetic transformation to introduce pathogen deriveg denes. The concept for nonconventional protection proposed by Sanford and Johnson (1885) hasad on the mechanisms of heat - pathogen interaction provided the ground to engineer pathogen resistance. The idea is to interfere with and dirupt the pathogenic process by expessing in the host, pathogen genes coding molecules essential for the pathogen. Using this approach by Agrobacterium mediated transformation we introduced genes conferring resistance to TSWV (the viral nucleoprotein NP gene) and Pseudomonas syringae p.v. tabaci (bacterial tabtoxin resistance ttr gene) in a number of widespread Bulgarian tobacco cultivars. The Introduction and expression of the nucleocapsid gene from the Bulgarian iselate of TEWL-L3 strain in tobacco plantt conferred high level of protection against the homologous strain and a serologically close isolate of the virus which was tested both under controlled and fieldconditions. High level of resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci have been obtained in transgenic tobacco plants expressing the ttr gene which proved that the detoxifying enzyme encoded by the transgene provides officient protection. The resistance to TSWN and Pseudomonas syringae p.v. tabaci in transgenic tobacco plants is stable and inherited in next generations. Non-segregating lines resistant to each TSWN and Pseudomonas syringae p.v. tabaci have been selected for a number of economically important tobacco cultivars. Selection for resistance against pathogen-derived toxinis. The effects of Phytophtora parasitica Dast var. nicotlanae (Breda de Haan) Tucker (Ppn) race 0 culture filtrate (CF) on direct organogenesls of tobacco stem explants was evaluated using five tobacco haploid lines, vuhol were selected based on their field reaction to Ppn (race 0). The culture filtrate used in different concentrations in MS medium suppressed bud formation from stem explants of susceptible tobacco cultivars more than those from resistant tobacco cultivars. The iowest concentration of CF (2%) stimulated bud formation in tobacco stem explants from both susceptible and resistant cultivars compared to the controls without CF. Twenty percent CF is suitable for screening in vitro Ppn resistance of tobacco cultivars at stem explants level. The selction scheme for resistance to Ppn CF and for increalsed resistance to Ppii was established. In vitro selected lines of five tobacco cultivars were tested for resistance to block shank up to F₂ generations.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION OF THE GENETIC VARIABILITY OF PLANS SPECIES CULTIVATED AND USED IN YUGOSLAVIA

Milutin Penčić

From the standpoint of plat breeding and selection, genetic variability is the necessary starting condition. Sufficient attention for this aspect of the use of genetic resources has been paid both in science and in politics. Other aspects concerning genetic variability are the conservation of biological diversity through species flexibility. The conservation of the genetic variability of cultivated and utilized plant species comes within the competence of many factors in society: the state, because it is the basis of the policy of natural resource management; science, because it is a treasure which has not been sufficiently studied in both segments - conservation and utilization; economy, because some of its very important branches are based on the results of conservation, and especially utilization, individuals, who have chosen to investigate plants. Consequently, the coordinated activity of all the factor in society is important. The activities of individual factors in the past did not produce satisfactory results. The application of genetic variability in its narrower sense, i.c. selection, is the concern of geneticists - plant breeders. The aims and ambitions of selectionists affect its correct utilization and maintenance. It is the natural desire of selectionists to create as many new varieties as possible whit desired properties, but the policy of selection institutes in inadmissible, i.e. to neglect „scientific breeding" which includes all the aspects of reserach and the creation of basic material for selection because of commercial results. The use of genetic resources in sensu lato involves the availability of genetic resources to both domestic and foreign users. Many issues of the collection, conservation, documentation, and utilization are the subject of international conventions and projects signed by Yugoslavia. The construction of a plant gene bank and the work on the formation of a gene pool for the needs of the bank are based on current international norms. An adequate method of conservation and utilization of the genetic variability is not possible without a national program, i.e. a strategic project with a high priority.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

HETEROSIS AND THE PRODUCTION OF HYBRID SEГDS OF FOREST TREES

Aleksandar Tucović and Vasilije Isajev

The genetical laws which are the basis of heterosis are uniform, but for trees, the character of heritability and the methods of research are different. The study of heterosis in trees includes: (1) recording and studying heterosis effects, (2) enhancement of the method of parent tree selection, and (3) technology of mass production. So far hybrid combinationss with heterosis characterstics indicate: that heterosis characterizes ± all major economical tree species, and that the obtained levels of heterosis are not the maximum. The selection of parent trees should be noticeably slowed down and based on more experimental data.. In the selection of parent trees, the combining ability, which is genetically determined, holds the leading position. The combining ability is evaluated by half-sib and full-sib lines. The commercial production of hybrid seeds is based on specialized seed orchards, which include four stages: the establishment of experimental seed orchards, testing of hybrid combinations of open pollination on parent and intermediary sites, testing of full-sib progenies, and the establishment of commercial, hi-parental (line and biclonal) seed orchards of parent trees with the best general and specific combining ability. A hybrid variety is the basic factor of forestry enhancement, because it represents a capacity still to be exploited. The improvement of the mass production technology of hybrid seeds should be based on the permanent cooperation of scientific reserach and timber production in forestt plantations. The interaction of the production of forest hybrid seeds, economy and market should be increased.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

HETEROTIC EFFECTS IN POPLAR BREEDING

Vojislav Guzina, Gojko Avramović, Saša Orlović, Branislava Kovačević

The results of long-term research and work on poplar breeding enabled the creation and utilization of poplar varieties with high genetic production potentials. The characteristics of the initial populations, i.e. genotypes, have been surpassed by the genetic gain in almost all the properties significant for cultivation (adaptability, luxurious growth, resistance to diseases, wood quality). Dioecy and anemophily conditon a hibh heterozygosity of natural populations, i.e. selected parents, in most charactersistic, due to which a small increase of the heterozygosity of the progeny is expected compared to parents. Due to this and also the long reproductive and production cycle and the marked ability of vegetative reproduction of major economical species, poplar breeders have mainly been directed to clone selection already in early stages of ontogeny of intersectional, inter-species, and intra-species progenies, instead of long-term testing of the average values of their properties. These are the main reasons why poplar heterosis has been insufficiently studied, and also why there are few . reference data on the observed heterosis, i.e. the superiority of F₁ generation over the parents. However, some results of our own or foreign reserach, which have been presented in this paper, point to the possibility of the application of heterosis in poplar breeding. This refers first of all to the increased growth vigor and lower susceptibility to diseases, which are heterotic effects in some inter-species hybrids. The most expressed examples of such heterotic effects occur in the hybrids of Euroasian and American aspens, and in some hybrids of black and balsam poplars.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

FRUIT AND GRAPE BREEDING

M. Korać, V. Ognjenov, Dinka Vujanić-Varga, P. Cindrić, Nada Korać, B. Đurić, Jelena Ninić-Todorović, S. Cerović, Branislava Gološin, Ksenija Macet

Intraspecies hybridization is the main method used in apple, pear, plum, sweet and sour cherry, apricot, peach, strawberry and rassberry fruit breeding. Intraspecies hybridization of these species is used only in breeding programmes for disease resistance. In Turkish filbert intraspecies hybridization opened the possibility for creating new suckerless varietis. A number of new varities and a perspective rootstock selection were created by selection from the natural walnut, vineyard peach, hazelnut and dogwood populations. Tissue culture and genetic engineering significantly contibute to conventional fruit breeding. The main goal of grape breeding is increasing the resistance to biotic and abiotic factors. The introduction of new fungal disease resistant varieties enhances the security, exonomy of the production and environment al protection.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

PLANT BREEDING AND GENETIC VULNERABILITY

Janko Dumanović

When all the previously knownn cases of plant diseases have been studied, it is concluded that epidemics occur at times when the conditions are uniformly vulnerable to a parasite and when the weather is favorable for disease development. The genetic uniformity can have different forms. Outbreeding plants have a greater genetic resistance than self-fertilized plants and vegetatively propagated plants. The uniformity of a crop is an essential condition of genetic vulnearability. All three conditions from the disease triangle must be satisfied for an epidemic to occur - a vulnerable host plant over a wide area, a virulent, aggressive parasite, and favorable environment conditions, mainly favorable weather conditions for the development of the disease. Uniformity does not mean only the establishment of production over a wide area. with only one genetically uniform cultivar, but aslo the situations when there are numerous cultivars containing the same gene or the swine cytoplasm. Each selection program, in principle, leads to the narrowing tof the genetic basis of cultivated plants. It should be emphasized that genetic diversity is the main barrier to genetic vulnerability of cultivated plants. Based on the presentt knowledge of genetic uniformity and vulnerability of crops, the causes and conditions of plant disease epidemics, a strategy of plant breeding has been proposed and discussed regarding the genetics of host plants and parasites, as well as physiological mechanisms of resistance, in order to decrease the risk of disease epidemics. It has been emphasized that crop uniformity has its good and bad sides. The positive side of uniformity dominates over the negative side. A uniformity risk, although sometimes catastrophic, is temporary, while the benefits are permanent.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN PLANT BREEDING - BENEFITS AND RISKS

Kosana Konstatinov and Snežana Mezei

Trhough the development and application of new technologies like recombinant DNA technology, cell and tissue culture it is possible to identity, isolate and manipulate gene/genes controlling desired plant traits. By developing methods for gene transfer (direct or throught the identification or construction of optimal vector systems) problems emerging from the sexual incompatibility of different plant species could be avoided. There is the possibility of using wild plant relatives or wild plant species as a genetic pool for the genes controlling plant resistance / tolerance to different stress conditions (of biotic as well as abiotic origin). An evolution barrier could also be avoided and genes from a particular microorganism or animal genome could be cloned and transfered into the plant protoplasts, cell or tissue culture or the whole plant organism, resulting in transgenic plants. In this way it is possible to obtain new, genetically manipulated, plants of improved quality or resistant / tolerant to different diseases or unfavorable temperatures, soil salinity and other growth conditions. Besides focusing on improving the duality of food plants increasing attention is panel to creating plants that can provide a wide array of nonfood, nofeed materials. There already exist cotton plants producing fibers with a polyester like compound in normal hollow fiber cores. Besates that intensive experiments on exploring t-ansgenic plants as a new vaccine source are conducted. The system is relatively simple when monogenic traits are manipulated. At the same time single gene integration can not contribute to the improvement of the total plant value because the most important traits, yield for example, have a polygenic character. Foreign gene integration is a random process and could canse repression / derepression of the host genome by inducing positive as well as negative effects on the genome structure and expression. An obvious benefit of the application of new technologies is the identification of alredy existing or the creation of new genetic markers which could be succesfully used in the intelectual property and plant breeders rights protection.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SТUDYING THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF HETEROSIS

A.S. Tsaftaris

While the original concept of heterosis resulted from studies at the phototypic morphological level, they were soon followod by biochemical dataa with the advent of electrophoresis and the consequent ease of accumulation of data related to izozyme variability. However, the large numbers of restriction fragment lenght polymorphisms from more recent studies have allowed the development of linkage maps with a high degree of resolution useful in locating and manipulating quantitative trai loci (QTL).When substantial cumbers of such neutral markers were used to measure genetid distance in large numbers of maize inbreeds very significant correlations were recorded between the parental genetic distance and hybrid performance. Through the same approach, a relatively small number of QTLs dispersed through the maize genome were identified which show a clear overdominance expression controlling heterosis. The hypothesis was made that some WTLs could code for regulatory proteins since these proteins are able to control a vast array of other structural genes, the products of which are necessary for the expression of complicated characters such as yield and heterosis for yield. The few such proteins identified thus far were all multimeire proteins with the heteropolymers exhibiting significantly different activities in comparison with the homopolymers, that is in compliance with the clear overdominance manifestation of the few QTLs analyzed so far. In addtion, parameters derived from the variability of genome expression assessed throughout studies or polymorphisms in the amounts of individual proteins or mRNAs showed numerous significant correlations between these indices and hybrid vigor. These correlations supported the conclusion the QTLs could be loci controlling the amount of mRNAs or proteins synthesized from a number of structural genes and stress the significance of both the regulatory proteins (and their genes) and the structural genes, being regulated, in mainieestation of complicated characters, such as heterosis.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GENETIC BASIS AND EVOLUTIONARY SENSE OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Marko Anđelković, Vasilije Isajev, Nada Vučinić-Barjaktarović

The eucariotic life cycle includes two different cycles: (1) the vegetative cycle of growing and reproduction, and (2) the sexual cycle of fusion and restitution. In complex multicellular forms, such as most plants and animals, these cycles are usually united due to, as a rule, interrelated sex and reproduction. Sexual reproduction, as the evolutionary younger form of reproduction, still represents, to a certain degree, a counterversion of evolution biology, because sexual reproduction is the only characteristic of living organisms which favors the survival of the group more than that of an individual Consequently, the study of the genetic basis and the evolutionary sense of sex represents a very current topic from different fundamental and application aspects. The genetic basis of sex determination can be observed bothh from functional and organization levels. In the heterogametic sex, the Y chromosome does not have a homologous pair, so it has to exist in a hemizygous form. The only X chromosome in the heterogametic sex is in an active state, whereas in the homeogametic sex, ore X chromosome is randomly inactivated. During recombination in meiosis, X and Y chromosomes exchange some genetic information, because the distal part of Yg is almost completely homologous, with a short X chromosome portion. These regions are not subject to inactivation, and during meiosis they perform crossings-over up to 20-30 times more often than normal chromosomes. Consequently, the sexual identity of an individual is the final product of a whole chain of events, from the genetic status, through the hormone and morphologic sex, till the effects of the environment. The greatest variability of sexual dimorphism is encountered in higher plants, and the generative reproduction is conditioned by sex differentation, which is in most families of the type 2A+XY and it incudes dioecious plants, monoecious with hermaphroditic flowers of with separate male and female flowers. A study of the frequency of the distribution of certain types of sexual mechanisms in flowering plants, shows that dioecy is rare and that it includes about 5% of distant families, whereas in 75% families a few dioecious species were recorded. The morphological and functional variability of sexes in plants is great, so that general biological and evolution mechanisms realized by generative reproduction are variable to a similar degree as the morphological and physiological characteristics of individuals. Inter and intra individual variability of the structure and arrangement of reproductive organs in plants are the condition of sexual reproduction b_y outbreeding, inbredding and uniparental, as well as a great number of adaptation mechnisms which stimulate or inhibit one of the above types of sexual reproduction. In generative reproduction, an expressive variability of structure, function and arrangement of reproductive organs occurs which is essential for the advancement of plant breeding methods of selection and hybridization.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

CORRELATIONS BETWEEN YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN TWO COMPOSITE POPULATIONS DIFFERING IN ABSCISIC ACID CONTENT

Violeta Anđelković, Radmila Stikić, Sofija Pekić and Mile Ivanović

Abscisic acid is a plant hormone which affect plant growth and development, similar to drought stress. Increase in abscisic acid accumulation helps the plant to adapt to a drought environment, but it is difficult to predict the effects of a high or low ABA content in leaves on the yield and yield components. To examine the consequences of genetic variation in the leaf ABA content on yield and other agronomic characteristics in maize, we have used genotypes selected for differences in the leaf ABA content. Two synthetic populations differing 2-3 times in this trait were created from the cross of 2 inbred lines: Polj-17 (high ABA parent) and F-2 (low ABA parent) and used in field experiments for comparisons of yield and yield components. Beside comparisons of means of investigated traits, a correlative analysis was made for the following traits: kernel yield, mass of 1000 kernels, number of kernel rows, number of kernels in the row, leaf ABA content. A significant positive correlation with yield was obtained for all yield components, expecially in the population with a high leaf ABA contnet. In the same population a negative correlattion (slightly significant) was found for the leaf ABA content and yield and yield components, while in the plants from other populations this correlation was positive and significant. For more detailed investigations the use of QTL-analysis (quantitative trait loci) was planned under more severe stress conditions where adaptive effects of a high ABA content may be expressed.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF

HETEROSIS IN MAIZE

Snežana Drinić-Mladenović, Kosana Konstantinov and Dragana Ignjatović

In spite of fact that heterosis is used the most in maizee production very little is known- about the molecular basis of heterosis. The development and use of molecular markers provide more genetic information about the structure and function of the plant genome and at the same time give more details on the molecular mechanisms included in the heterotic effect expression. Molecular markers include proteins (isozyme, protein complex of embryonic and other tissue) and DNA markers. Izozyme and salt soluble proteinn polymorphism of inbred lines, F₁ hybrids and the segregating generation has been invstigated in the hybrid combination ezpressing a high/low heterotic effect. The estimates of heterosis in the crosses were, expressed on the basis.s of the midparent. The polymophism of several enzymatic systems in the tissue of inbred lines and hybrids was determined. Salt soluble - proteins were isolated from scutella and embryo tissue and separated into numerous components by PAGE. Distinctive differences between genotypes were determined. Most protein fractions detected in hybrids are inherited from both parents; some fractions are inherited only from one parent and some are hybrid specific. Further studies of the molecular basis and role of the inbred lines genome contribution to the expression of heterotic effects in maize are in progress.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

IDENTIFICATION OF DONORS OF FAVOURABLE ALLELES FOR TEH GRAIN YIELD AND POPPING VOLUME IN POPCORN (Zea mays L. everta)

M. Babić, N. Delić, Z. Pajić and G. Todorović

The development of new maize hybrids, including popocorn hybrids as well, is mostly done by improving one of the parental components. Therefore, the selection of a donor of favourable alleles for the traits of interest is very important. Besides gram yield, great attention is paid to the popping volume of popcorn; as it is, the most important parameter of quality. Many experimental high yielding hybrids have been rejected due to an insufficinet popping volume. The negative correlation between the grain yield and popping volume makes the developemnt of hybrids with both high a yield and popping volume difficult. The evaluation of two commercial inbred lines as donors of favourable alleles for the improvement of the grain yield and popping volume of the hybrid ZPKl$xSg1533 was performed in this study.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

CORRELATIONS AND PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS FOR STAY GREEN IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

Goran Bekavac, Milisav Stojaković, Đorđe Jocković, Mile Ivanović, Marija Kraljević-Balalić, Jan Boćanski

Two synthetic maize populations (NS 103 and NS 140) were studied for: phenotypic correlations between stay green, water content in stem, water content in leaf, number of days before silking and water content in grain. Analysis of the varinace and covariance of the Nested design-Random model were used for the processing of experiment data. Phenotypic correlations between all traits that were used for path coefficient analysis were calculated from the relationship of covari.ances and corresponding variances. The method of inverse symmetric correlation matrices (Edvards,1979) was applied in which stay green represented a dependent and other traits intependent variables. Highly significant phenotypic correlations were found between stay green and all studied traits in both populations, while the most consistent correlation was oound between stay green and the water content in leaves (r_f = 0,788**; r_f = 0,833**). The values of direct effects of independent variables on the dependent variable significantly differed from the values of correlation coefficients. The strongest direct effect on the stay green trait was found for the water content in leaves in both populations (P_y2 = 0,601:k *; p_y2 = 0,591**) which indicates the possibility of applying this trait as one of the reliable indicators of stay green. The direct effects of the water content in stem and water content in grain were weaker than was expected on the basis of correlation coefficients. Therefore, the application of path coefficint analysis is desirable as a precise method for determining relationships between traits. A very weak and nonsignificant direct effect on the dependent variable was found for the number of days before silking (p_y4 = 0,063; p_y4 = -0,0005) which indicates that stay green genotypes can be selected regardless of the length of the growing period.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

CHANGES OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN BSSS MAIZE POPULATIONS VIA RECURRENT SELECTION

Jan Boćanski, Milisav Stojaković, Raško Popov and Goran Bekavac

Recurrent selection improves the characteristics of the population by increasing the frequency of desirable alleles. Considering maize (Zee mays L.), it is expected that a high frequency of desirable alleles in the population will affect the improvement of the characteristics of inbred lines and hybrids produced from such populations. Selection methods for intrapopulation improvements of quantitative characters in maize can be based on individual or familiar characteristics, for the improvement of the population per se or the progeny of hybrid-test crossing for the improvement of the combining ability (Hallauer and Miranda, 1981). The objective of the investigation discussed in this paper was to study the changes of morphologic characteristics during seven cyles of half-sib recurrent selection for yield. Three populations were used: BSSSC₀ adn BSSSC₇ (original synthetics) and ZPSIN2C₂ (new synthetic of BSSS basis). FS and HS (Mo17) progenies were made (100 progenies). The characateristics studied-were: plant height, ear height, total number of leaves and leaf angle. Analysis of the variance by the Nested design-Random model was performed. In the course of 7 cycles HS-RS in FS progenies, plant height, ear height, total number of leaves and leaf angle significantly changed in BSSSC₇ compared to 13SSSC₀. In the FS progenies in the synthetics ZPSIN2C₂, plant height and ear height increased very significantly while the number of leaves was reduced and the leaf angle was similar as in BSSSC₇. In HS(Mo17) progenies, the plant height, ear height and number of leaves, very significantly increased while the leaf angle was significantly reduced in BSSSC₇ compared to BSSSC₀. In ZPSIN2C₂ compared very to BSSSC₇ the plant height, ear height and leaf angle was very significantly increased, while there was no difference in the leaf number.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

CORRELATION BETWEEN MORE IMPORTANT AGRONOMIC TRAITS OF S_l AND HS FAMILIES IN TWO COMPOSITES OF MAIZE

Jelena Vančetović, Mile Ivanović, Goran Drinić and M. Vidaković

Genetic correlations between gain yield and some of the more important agronomic characters (plant and ear height, ear lengtt, number of kernel rows and 1000 kernel weight) were investigated using samples of 100 S₁and 100 HS families from two opposite composites of maize (Composite B and M). Also, the genetic corrleations for these tratis between S₁ and HS were investigated. Results showed that the grain yield of S₁families in boht composites was in the greatest genetic correlation with the ear length, and in HS families with the 1000 kernel weight, and also ear length. The other traits were nor importantly correlated with yield, which is especially favourable for plant and ear height, because this allows a parallel selection for a high yied and low plant habitues in these composites. An indirect selection for grain yield over some other trait in these populations would not be successful, except HS selection over the increase of 100 kernel weight in Composite M. As far as the genetic correlations between S₁ and HS families are concerned, the correlation for grain yield in both composites was the lowest, but it was higher in Composite M. This points to a greater similarity in allelic frequencies between two types of families for grain yield in Composite M, or to a greater proportion of the additive in the total genetic variance for gram yield in Composite M, in comparison with Composite B. The second fact is desirable for breeding, because in indicated the possibility of greater genetic grain from the selection for grain yield. For other traits these correlations were all highly significant, and mostly strong in both composites.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

EVALUTION OF STABILITY PARAMETERS IN ZP MAIZE HYBRIDS
(Zea mays L.)

N. Delić, R. Petrović

Based on numerous trials within four maturity groups (FAO 400, 500, 600 and 700), stabiilty parameters for grain yeild of ZP hybrids were determined by the model of Eberhart and Russel (1966). Trials were set up according to RCB design with 15 hybrids in each trial and approppriate densities for maturity groups with four replications at seven locations m 1993, except the FAO 400 trials which were set up in three locations. The original purpose of this study was to compare hybrids among themselves and with the standard regarding their responses to environmental conditions, as well as, to present on estimate of adaptability of ZP hybrids over maturity groups.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC CORRELATION BETWEEN AGRONOMIC TRAITS IN TOP-CROSS POPULATIONS OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

Goran Drinić and Jelena Vančetović

Genetic and phenotypic correlations between grain yield, plant height, ear height and yield componetns in HS progenies of four top-cross populations of maize (BS12C₈C₁ x L82, BS12C₈C₁ x L15, ZPEP x L82 and ZPEP x L15) were determined according to parameters obtained by the analysis of variance using the Nested design - Random model. The trials were sett up in 1991 in Zemun Yolje, Indjija and Velika Plana according to Nested design (Cochran and Cox, 1957). Stgnrficant and strong genetic and phenotypic correlations were detected between grain yield and plant height, as well as, between grain yield and ear height in the three studied populations (BS12C₈C₁ x Lb2, ZPEP x L82 and ZPEP x L15), while these correlations were not significant in BS12C₈C₁ x L15. Significant, medium strong to strong correlations were determined between grain yield and ear length in all four populations. Combinations with the synthetic EP had medium strong and significant genetic and phenotypic coefficients of correlations between grain yield and the number of kernel rows per ear, while this correlation was not significant in combinations with BS12C₈C_l. The strongest genetic and phenotypic correlation coefficinets in the populations studied were determined between plant height and ear hegiht. Obtained results indicate genetic relations between observed traits, which is important for a simultaneosu selection of several traits.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

EFFECTS OF CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION CHANGES ON GRAIN QUALITY IN SWEET CORN (Zea mays L. saccharata)

Zorica Pajić, M. Babić, Milica Radosavljević

Carbohydrate composition changes in sweet corn were observed through endosperm developmental stages, i.e. after 10, 15, 20, 23 and 28 days from pollination. Two sweet conrs, ZPSC504su and ZPSC520su, were selected for this study. The grain carbohydrate composition of studied hybrids was determined by the HPLC method with a chemically bound NH2 stationary phase and acetonitrile-water polar mobile phase. This composition changes during endosperm development so that the percentage share of fructose and glucose decreases with the simulatneous increase of the percentage share of sucrose until its maximum value (in the stage of 23 days after pollution), and then opposite changes occur. Sucrose provides the sweet corn grain with sweetness, and therefore its high content conditions the quality of the product.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE OPTIMUM RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS AND THE NUMBER OF LOCATIONS IN EARLY TESTING OF NEW MAIZE HYBRID COMBINATIONS (Zea mays L.)

Goran Saratlić and M. Rošulj

In order to curtail expenses and possible mistakes in plating, harvesting, and during further work on materials, it is useful to reduce the number of replications within locations. This way that possibiilty is created for increasing the number of locations. Such trials make possible better sampling of environmental conditions. It is assumed that one to two replications within locations will give the same answer in identifying the „best hybrid”, as tests with a greater number of replications within locations. For this examination we used a commercial hybrid of the Maize Research Institute „Zemun Polje”, and some foreign hybrids. The trials were conducted in RCB design with three replications in three locations, two replications in five locations and one replication in five locations. The results showed that hybrids ZPSC 678A, ZPSC 677 and ZPSC 701 occupy the first three places in trials with three replications in three locations and two replications in five locations. In the trial with one replication in five locatins the hybrid ZPSC 677 is also first, but the other results are different. On the basis of these results the reduction at the number of replications within locations and the increase of the number of locations is recommended.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF MAIZE

Milisav Stojaković, Goran Bekavac, Đorđe Jocković, Lazar Jakovljević

Recurrent selection enables the increase of the frequency of desirable genes and maintenance of genetic variability in the population. Two synthetic maize populations with a broad genetic basis, NS 796 A/92 and NS 2040 B/92 were studied for variability, heritability in the broad sense, genetic and phenotypic correlations for grain yiels, delayed silking, barrenness, percentage of grain moisture and number of ears per plant. Half-sib families (S₁ x inbred tester) were studied in 1994 on two locations under the conditions of severe drought during the growing period. No significantt differences were discovered between the populations regarding to grain yield. The population NS 796 A/92 had a lower per cent of barren plants, less delayed silking and more ears per plant than the population NS 2040 B/92. High hentability was found for all studied characteristics grain yield (52.00% and 68.86%), barrenness (52.38% and 54.10%), delayed silking (46.18% and 38.28%), grain moisture per cent (59.99% and 66.71%) and the number of ears per plant (58.88% and 66.71%). Grain yield was in positive correlation with moisture percent in grain in the population NS 796 A/92(rg = 0.773**) and with the number of ears per plant in the population NS 2040 B/92 (rg = 0.999**).. Barrenness and delayed silking were m negative correlation with the yield m both populations.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

RE-SELECTION OF PARENTAL COMPONENTS OF THE ELITE SC HYBRID OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) FOR GRAIN YIELD

G. Todorović, I. Šatarić, N. Delić

The assumption that inbred lines, parents of the elite single cross hybrid A6S4 x Fu4, selected for improvement, have unfavourable alleles at a certain number of loci, expressing their effects on the hybrid, was the starting pointt of this study. It is possible to select an inbred line for improvment of a certain trait or a greater number of traits, of the elite hybrid, using inbred lines as potential donors of favourable alleles and by evaluating relative values of their loci with the method of Dudley (1978b). Four genetic unrelated inbred lines (ZPLB554dr, ZPLB176dr, ZPLB380, ZPLB368) were studied as potential donors of favourable alleles. It is desirable that inbred donors for grain yield have dominant alleles at G class loci, where parents of the elite hybrids have recessive alleles, i.e. the selection of the best inbred donor is based on the highest positive value of the parameter µG. The highest value of this parameter was determined in the inbred ZPLB368 and it was the best donor of favourable alleles for the improvement of grain yield in the elite hybrid A654 x Fu4. The second best inbred was ZPL1 554dr, while the values of the parameter µG in the inbreds ZPLB176dr and ZPLB380 were lower than the values of the first two inbreds. All observed inbreds indicated a higher genetic relation for grain yield to the inbred Fu4, pointing out that improvement of the elite hybrid should be done by improving the inbred Fu4. As there were no significant differences between parameters µG

and µF in all four inbred donors, the best way of deriving the initial population should be self-pollination of the F1 generation cross inbred donor x Fu4, as this would provide the highest probability for the development of new inbreds (improved Fu4) with the highest number of favourable alleles for grain yield at F and 0 classes loci either of the inbred Fu4 or the donor inbred.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

HERITABILITY OF THE EAR LENGTH IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

G. Todorović, I. Đatarić, N. Delić

A total of 15 hybrids of the F₁generation, developed by diallel crossing of six maize inbred lines were used in order to observe the mode of maize ear length heritability. Analysis of combinating abilities was done using the Griffing (1956), Method 2, Mathematical model I, while the analysis of variance of genetic components and regression analysis were done using the model of Hayman (1954), Jinks (1954) and Mather and Jinks (1971). Very significant values of general (GCA) and speicfic (SCA) combining abilities were determined for both investigated years by analyzing variance, which means that additive and dominant gene effects were important for ear lenght heritability. The relation GCA/SCA was lower than 1 for both years, indicating a greater significance of dominant genes on the expression of this trait. The analysis of variance of genetic components for ear length indicates that additive (D) and dominant. (H₁ and H₂) components singificantly affect heritability of this trait. The value of the parameter D, is lower than values of H₁ and H₂, which indicates their prevailing significance in ear length heritability. Obtained results are in accordance with the results of the analysis of variance of combining abilities for this trait. The negative value of F reveals that the number of recessive genes was higher than the number of dominant genes in parents included in diallel crossing. This is, also, confirmed by the ratio between teh total number of dominatn and recessive alleles in all parents (Kd/Kr), which was lower than 1 in both investigated years. The average degree of dominance, higher than 1, and the intersection point of the regression line with the Wr axis under the point of origin indicate superdominance in heritability of maize ear length.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

EXPECTED AND REALISED GENETIC GAIN FROM THE PHENOTYPIC RECURRENT SELECTION IN THE ZPSynP1 POPULATION OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

Borivoje V. Trifunović, Janko Dumanović andi Vladimir Trifunović

The evaluation of expected and realised genetic gain was done through three cycles of phenotypic recurrent selection (biparental amss selection) in the prolific maize population ZPSynP1. The accumulated genetic gain expressed by the linear coefficient of regression for successive selection cycles of SynP1(M) per se indicates positive responses for the studied traits. The observed linear trend for prolificacy and grain yield of maize indicates that selection resulted in the complementary frequency modification of alleles for these traits. This points out both a swift initial success of the accumulation of favourable alleles for prolificacy and a positive correlating response for grain yield. The evaluation of expected genetic gain in the initial and later selection cycles, based on S1 and FS families, points out that further progress in the grain yield increase in possible by a direct selection for prolificacy. Favourable changes m performances evaluated according to studied progenies for observed traits suggest that the selective procedure was efficient in the frequency modification of alleles with mostly additive effects. The selection response was successful in increasing the frequency of favourable alleles in succeeding cycles comparised to the original synthetic population, SynP1(M)Cо, due to the selection method and the initial value of htis original germ plasma of maize.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE HERITABILITY OF MILK TRAITS IN THE STANDARD LACTATION OF CROSSBREAD BLACK-WHITE COWS

M. Ćirić, R. Nikolić, M. Katić, P. Stojnić, N. Marković

The coefficients of heritability of milk yield, fat percentage and 4% FCM yield in the stnadard lactation were investigated on the sample of 841 first time calving daughters of 54 bull-sires at 9 PKB farms.The average values of investigated traits were: milk yield 5810 kg, fat percentage. 3.84 and 4% FCM yield 5668 kg. The effect of farms were random. The coefficinets of heritability were: milk yield 0.159; fat percentage 0.244 and 4% FCM yield 0.184. The estimated coefficients of heritability indicated the possibility of future genetic advancement of investigated traits.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GERMPLASM IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.) BREEDING IN THE NEXT
TEN YEARS

Đ. Jocković, M. Stojaković, D. Simić, J. Boćanski, G. Bekavac, B. Puran, R. Popov, N. Vasić

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF GENETIC CONTROL OF FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS IN THE MAIZE KERNEL

Kosana Konstantinov, Goran Saratlić, Snežana Mladenović, I. Verešbaranji, Snežana Gošić

Maize kernel lipids belong to the storage lipids deposited as glycerolesters of fatty acids presumably in the embryo tissue. Functional lipits in the Lipoproteins or phospholipids are present both in the embryo and endosperm tissue. Unsaturated and saturated fatty acids are structural units of all lipid classes. The level of saturation and the position in tryglycerides are genetically determined. Breeding programmes for an increased oil content have also resulted the genotypes with an improved fatty acid composition. In this report the effect of recurrent selection of two high oil populations on relations between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the embryo and two fractions of endosperm tissue (soft and hard) with an increased oil contnet have been investigated. A high coefficient of correlation between oleic and linoleic unsaturated fatty acids has been determined in embryo lipids. The constant sum of these two acids indicates that oleic acid is a precursor of linoleic fatty acid. There exists a difference in the fatty acid composition between lipids of embryo and endosperm tissue. In some high oil genotypes the oleic/linoleic acid ratio 3.0 was accompanied with a high content of linolenic acid which has three unsaturated bonds in the molecule. An even higher ratio of these two fatty acids (4.5) and a very high linolenic content was determined in the endosperm hard tissue fraction of 'a particular genotype. As storage lipids (mainly in the tryglyceride form) represent less than 0.5% of total kernel lipids in the endosperm tissue, the obtained results indicate thatt differences between the embryo and endosperm fatty acid composition are probably the consequence of different lipoprotein and phosphoiipid compositions.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

ACCUMULATION OF RAB17mRNAs IN MAIZE LEAVES DURING DROUGHT STRESS IN THE FIELD

D. Kovačević, Vesna Lazić-Jančić, S.A.Quarrie

Plant response to drought stress involves changes in the expression of many genes. Concurrent increase in the level of abscicic acid (ABA) takes place in droughted plants. Each particular drought- and ABA-induced gene may have a role in plant adaptation to a droughed environment. Most of the studies, to date, on changes in gene expression is response to water deficit have been carried out on developing embryos or on young plants grown under controlled envirnoment conditions. Stress conditions applied in the laboratory may not represent those that occur in the field and genes that are induced during the laboratory stress may not be induced in the field. Therefore, it is relevant to determinee whether some of the droght- and ABA-induced genes already characterized are expressed during drought stress in the field and if they are associated with tratis that are beneficial in maintaining crop productivity under drought conditions. Once such an association has beenn found, marker-assisted selection and transformation techniques could help the breeders to develop improved varieties of crop plants for droughted environments. We have shown taht RAB17 transcripts accumulate to detectable levels in leaves of maize plants grown under irrigated and rainfed field conditions. However, this accumulation was variable both from plant to plant within a genotype and amongst genotypes. There was no clear correlation between RAB17 transcript levels and ABA content of the leaves. This suggests that in older held-grown plants ABA may not be a major factor in determining expression of the rab17 gene in contrast to the situation for young cabinet-grown plants.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF NEW SOURCES OF RESISTANCE TO PUСCINIA RECONDITA TRITICI

Momčilo Bošković, Jelena Bošković

In the past, almost all Lr isogenic wheat lines for resistance to Puccinia recondita tritici were susceptible to different pathotypes in the seedlings, as well as in international testing on large territories. In order to find new resistant genes several hundred wheat materials from International nurseries were tested in a four year period. From our large breeding program about seven hundred new resistant hybrid lines were created. The best resistant 15 winter wheat hybrid lines and 15 spring wheat resistant lines were tested to Puccinia recondita tritici in the seedling stage and in the field in ELRWN nurseries. The majority of winter wheat lines confirmed good resistance, but in the spring wheat lines only the line 647-CMA-14793 showed the best results. The second group of resistance sources were wheat lines resulting from selected hybrids of the first group corssed with strong Lr genes (Lr9, Lr19 and Lr24). In the first year (1989) 834 hybrid lines were genetically differentiated in the seedling stage by nine different reaction spectrums. The same seedling testings were realized in 1990. with 759 hybrid lines. From all these voluminous hybrids, 20 genetically different resistant hybrid winter wheat lines, 16 spring wheat lines and five Lr control lies are selected for new ELRWN 1989/90. Cooperative seedling testings of this nursery have been realized in eight countries. The field reactions of ELRWN 1989/90. have been evaluated in thirteen countries. The best evaluated lines for leaf rustt in the seedling and adult stage, were winter wheat lines: NS-66-9/2, NS-94-19/2, NS-9424/1, NS-77-19/4, NS-77-19/4, NS-32-9/4, NS-32-24/3 and NS-146-19/5 and spring wheatl lines: 647-CMA-14793, 11-TH-ESWYT-25, 26-TH-ESWYT-3, 26-THESWYT-10 and 26-TH-ESWYT-49.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC VARIABILITY OF YIELD COMPONENTS IN WHEAT

Miodrag Dimitrijević, Sofija Petrović, Marija Kraljević-Balalić

A total of 28 divergent wheat varieties from all over the World were examined in three year trials for variability and components of phenotypic variability. Three traits were studied: plant height and plant weight, as important variety characteristics closely related to the harvest index, and grain weight per plant, as a substantial grain yield component. The chosen genotypes were significantly different for all considered traits. The grain weight per plant appeared to have the highest coefficient of variation (V = 17%), while plat height had value the lowest (V = 7%). The plant height and plant weight varied from year to year. However, a year to year variation for grain weight per plant did not occur. According to ANOVA, highly significnat interactions between the genotype and environment occurred for all three tratts. The genetic component of variation for plant height was the highest reaching 59%, for grain weight per plant 33%, and for plant weight 18. The environmental component of variation varied from 20%, for plant height, to 4% for plant weight.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE COMPONENTS OF GENETIC VARIABILITY AND HERITABILITY OF THE QUANTITATIVE WHEAT CULTIVAR AND HYBRID TRAITS

Tomislav Živanović, Gordana Šurlan-Momirović, Vesna Vujačić, Vera Rakonjac

The objective of this study was to determine the genetic variability and heritability of quantitative traits in a diallel cross of 4 divergent wheat cultivars and their F₁ hybrids. The following cultivars were diallel crossed: Agrounija, Sana Francuska and KG-56. Six hybrids were obtained. The trial was carried out during 1992-1993 at the selection station „Agrounija”, Inđija. A randomized block design was used with three repilcations. Manual harvesting was employed. Twenty plants were chosen at random per replication in order to monitor the following traits: spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of kernels per spike and kernel weight per spike. Non-additive genes were found to be the major factor in the number of kernels per spike and spike length inheritance compared to additive genes. On the other hand, kernel weight per spike and number of spikelets per spike were more significantly affected by additive genes. This heritability type was largely determined by F-values, i.e. the interaction between additive and non-additive genes. The average domination level (H1/D) was > 1 for kernel weight and kernel number per spike. These traits were shown to be inherited superdominantly. On the other hand, spike length and spikelett number per spike were shown to be inherited by partial dominance. The heritability coefficient for kernel weight per spike, number of kernels per spike, spike length and spikelet number per spike were 10,40,68 and 70 percent respectively. The material obtained in crossing different wheat cultivars will further be used with the aim of creating new wheat lines.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GENOTYPE SPECIFICITY OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND OF THE ANATOMY OF WHEAT LEAVES

Jadranka Ivezić, Slobodanka Pajević, Ljiljana Merkulov, S. Denčić, B. Krstić

Due to its role in the primary production of organic matter, the genetic variability of photosynthesis has called for increasee attention in breeding of high-yielding genotypes (Kebede et al., 1992, Simon, 1994). Taking into consideratun the role of the leaf as the most important photosynthetic organ, and in particular that of top leaves, in yield formation, the quantitative estimation of their anatomical characteristics is important in establishing the relationship between the function and structure, namely for a more precise interpretation of certain physiological (photosynthetic) processes (Kubinova, 1993). Therefore, the photosynthetic variability is related to both physiological and anatomical leaf characteristics (Parker and Food, 1982, Bhagwat and Bhatia,1994). In programs for the creation of high-yielding genotypes, particular attention has been focused on the relationship between the chromosome number (ploidy level) and anatomic-physiological characteristics (Pataky et a1.,1983, Kebede et al., 1992). The aim of the present paper was to determine whether in wheat genotypes characterized by different ploidy levels and different photosynthetic activity genotypic quantitative differences in basic anatomical leaf structures also occur.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

INHERITANCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESISTANCE TO PUCCINIA RECONDITA TRITICI

Zoran Jerković and Marija Todorova

Inheritance of complete and incomplete resistance to Puccinia recondita tritici in F₁ and F₂ progenies from crossings of completely with a few incompletely resistant varieties was analyzed in field and controlled conditions. Conclusions were formed on the basis of classic methods and the percent of totally susceptible plants, which is not usually used. Experiments in controled conditions were very close to field conditions so it was possible to estimate the value of every combination from the aspect of resistance to the disease. In the F₁ generation inheritance,е of the resistance was dominant. In the F₂ generation genes for incomplete resistance were also expressed (low infection efficiency). All genes for complete resistance are not identical with genes for incomplete resistance.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

APPLICATION OF THE ELECTROPHORETIC METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE MODE OF INHERITANCE OF GLIADIN COMPONENTS IN THE F₂ GENERATION OF WHEAT

Borivoje Jovanović, Yueming Yan, Slaven Prodanović and Novica Mladenov

Inheritance of gliadin components in the F₂ generation of Skopjanka x Agrotunija cross was studied by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE). The differences between gliadin blocks (alleles) and electrophoretic bands in parental genotypes were first identified. It was found that they had similar blocks at A2, B1, B2 and D1loci, while they differed in A1 and D2 alleles. Skopjanka had Gli-Alb and Gli-D2, whereas Agrounija contained Gli-A1f and Gli-D2m. A total of 12 different bands between these two cultivar were observed, namely a92, a94, g57, b73 in Skopjanka and a86, a88, a91, a93, g53, g57, w27, w30 in Agrounija. On the basis of the presence or absence of these bands, in F₂ single seed electrophoretic patterns, the genetic models of gliadin components were determined. The results showed that both pairs of blocks (alleles) were inherited codominantly, while most single gliadin bands are controlled by one gene.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF TILLERING IN WHEAT HYBRIDS
(Triticum aestivum L.)

Desimir Knežević, M. Pavović, V. Zečević, I. Božinović, Ž. Jestrović, M. Kuburović, D. Urošević, Z. Jestrović

In diallel crosses (without reciprocals) of four divergent wheat cultivars (Jugoslavija, Žitnica, Novosadska Rana 2 and Osiječanka), the mode of inheritance, gene effects and genetic components of variance in F₁ hybrids were analyzed. The mode of inheritance of tillering was different (partial dominance, dominance, over-dominance) depending on the cross combination. Analysis of genetic components of variance indicate that dominant genes prevail over recessive in the expression of this trait, and that the main part of genetic variance belongs to the dominant gene effect, respectively. The positive and negative alleles at dominant loci were not equally distributed in parents. The computed value of the mean dominance degree indicated over-dominance in the inheritance of tillering after considering all cross combinations.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF WHEAT CULTIVARS ACCORDING TO
THE Gli- ALLELE COMPOSITION

Desimir Knežević

A total of 52 wheat cultivars from the Novi Sad selection center were analyzed and their similarity and differences for the Gli- allele composition were estimated. Pedigree data were used for analysis of the inheritance of Gli- alleles from parents by offspring cultivars. For a large number of cultivars the same wheat cultivar was found and it affected the similarity of gliadin alleles. The ratio of inheritance of Gli- alleles from parents in offspring cultivars and the impactt and dominance of parent cultivars weree analyzed. Based on the Gli- allele the coefficient of similarity was computed, which varied between 0% and 100%n and was used to make and UPGMA dendrogram. The four groups of similar cultivars differentiated. In each group the similarity in the majority of cultivars accordingg to the Gli- allele composition was higher than 50%. A higher similarity between the first group (12 cv.) and second group (14) as well as between the third (15) and fourthh group (8), was found and it was approximately 30%. Besides these 4 groups, the Crvenkapa cultivar had a low similarity with other cultivars -16%, and also Evropa and Francuska cultivars had the lowest similarity (7%) with other cultivars. The cultivars which differentiated mostt according to the Gliallele composition (Crvenkapa, Francuska, Evropa) need to be used in breeding programs because of the increasing variability in the Gli- allele composition.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GENOTYPE/ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS OF YIELD COMPONENTS IN WHEAT

Marija Kraljević-Balalić, Miodrag Dimitrijević and Sofija Petrović

In a three year experiment the variability and phenotypic components of the variation for the harvest index (HI), number and weight of kernels per spike in wheat were evaluated. A total of 28 genetically divergent wheat genotypes were chosen. Significant differences were found in the genotypes regarding the HI, number and weight of kernels. The coefficinet of variation was the highest for HI (V = 25%) and the lowest for the kernel number per spike (V = 13.6/0). The characters varied from year to year (except for kernel weight), as well, indicating the existence of an interaction between the genotype and environment. The genetic component of variation for HI was 18%, for kernel number per spike 21%, and for kernel weight per spike 35%.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

ALBINO REGENERANTS: SIGNIFICANCE ON THE APPLICATION
OF THE IN VITRO ANTHER CULTURE IN WHEAT BREEDING

Ankica Kondić and Stanislav Šesek

The successful application of the method of in vitro anther culture in wheat breeding is limited by the appearance of a very high frequency of albino regenerants in a great number of genotypes. Although, numerous researchers have dealt with this problem, the causes of this pehnomenom have not been completely explained. In this experiment the frequency of regenerated green and albino plants was examined. Antehrs of IS different F₁ wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) hybrids were used for isolation. This material is part of the selection programme of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. Isolated anthers with micrespores in the mid- and late uninucleate stage of microsporogenesis were grown on the Potato 2 inductive medium. After 4-6 weeks of culture on this medium, anthers with formed embryogenic calli were transferred on to the 190-2 medum for plant regeneration. Results showed that, on average, 4.5 green plants were obtained out of 100 isolated anthers. That number varied from 0 to 23.5%1. In relation to the number of formed calli, the average frequency of regenerated green plants was 1.9.3%. The highć~t percentage of green regenerants was shown by the genotype ,,No. 4 x NS 55-25²” F2 -52.9%. The average number of albino regenerants was 29.3%, while the highest frequency of albino regenerants, 66.7% was shown by the genotype „Pobeda x NSR.S” F1. In the whole experiment, 40% of regenerated plants were green, while 60% of plants were albinos, which means that more than half of the regnerants cannot be used in wheat breeding. Considering that there wass a great difference between genotpyes in the number of regenerated green and albino plants in the experiment, it is clear that genetic control of this phenomenom exists and it is necessary to study the mechanism of its inheritance.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

AN INVESTIGATION OF SОМЕ AGRONOMIC AND РНYSIОLOGIС TRАITS IN GENOTYPES OF T. durum CREATED IN KRAGUJEVAC

M. Milovanović, M. Pavlović, D. Đokić, R. Ognjanović and M. Jelić

The results of four-year investigations of winter and spring types of T. durum are shown in this paper. Most of the investigated lines have a stem height and lodging resistnace at an acceptable level. Some genotypes are very short (67-76 cm) and resistant to lodging. Some tines appeared to be resistant to low temperatures which points to their satisfactory predispositions for growing in our conditions. The majority of investigated cultivars and lines have large kernels (>40 g) and a good hectoliter mass (> 78 kg). The spring types of durum had a more inferior kernel filling. The content of crude proteins was mostly similar or higher than in foreign cultivars. The grain yield was mainly higher or at the level of the bestt foreign cultivars. Spring.g durums had lower grain yields than winter types. Yields of spring types appeared especially dependent on the weather conditions.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

A POSSIBILITY OF BREEDING WHEAT FOR UTILIZATION OF FREE NITROGEN IN NUTRITION

Danica Mićanović, Zora Sarić and Miloje Sarić

Seven wheat cultivars and their capability for nitrogen fixation from air were investigaed. The leaf number, leaf color, dry matter, nitrogen concentration, and its plant content were analyzed in wheat cultivars. Analyses were carried out using standard methods. All investigated cultivars, due to the presence of diazotrophs from their rhisospheres, showed a capability of nitrogen fixation in the experimental conditions. Significant differences were found between cultivars.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

RESISTANCE TO DISEASES AND GRAIN YIELD AS CRITERIA FOR
THE APPROVAL OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES

Ivan Mihaljev

The aim of winter wheat breeding is to crate varieties with a high genetic potential for grain yield, excellent chemical-technological traits and adaptability to different agroecological conditions. The resistance of varieties to most important diseases (leaf and stem rust, powdery mildew) is important for good adaptability. In this paper the results of breeding winter wheat for resistance to the must important diseases, the potential for grain yield and relationships between these traits were analyzed and the level of resistance to diseases taken as a criterion for the approval of varieties was evaluated. A total of 299 genotypes in official trials of the Federal commission of variety approval between 1983-1990 were investigated. The trials were conducted in a random block design, 5 replications (plot 5 m²), 16 locations, and 3 years. The intensity of disease attack was observed in the adult plant stage, uner conditions of artificial infection according to the modified Cobb's scale (0-99%). Grain yield (t/ha) was calculated on the basis of 14% of grain moisture. Based on the results obtained the following is concluded: The level of resistance to diseases is taken as a criterion for the approval of varieties, but a high potential for grain yieldd and the balance of other characteristics are the most importnat criteria for a decision making; The most resistant genotypes have a lower potential for grain yield, which indicates a negative correlation between these traits and because of this such genotypes are often not approved; Progress is evident in winter wheat breding for a higher level of resistance to diseases and a higher potential for grain yield.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

ASSESSMENT OF YIELD STABILITY OF SPRING VARIETIES AND LINES OF WHEAT BY ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION GENOTYPE x ENVIRONMENT

Gojko Mladenović, Miroslava Jevtić, Slaven Prodanović and Dragan Petrović

Genotype reactions to different ecological conditions can be statistically determined through the interaction genotype x environment. Stable genotypes are those which have low values of this interaction. This paper evaluates the differences of yield stability of 7 varieties and 8 lines of spring wheat. The analysis of data is based on three-year experiments established in the locality of Zaječar. The line ZA-16 and the variety „Vesna” had the highest stability. The ranks of stability obtained by this analysis agree to a high degree with the ranks of stability based on regression analysis. Although the two most stable genotypes formed a relatively low average yield, no negative correlation existed between the rank of stability and the absolute value of the average yield.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

VARIABILITY AND INHERITANCE OF THE LENGTH OF THE SECOND (BASAL) INTERNODE IN WHEAT HYBRIDS (Triticum aestivum L.)

M. Pavlović, D. Knežević, M. Kuburović, A. Đokić

The length of the second (basal) internode is a very important trait which influences the degree of wheat lodging resistance. The aim of this study was an investigation of the variability and inheritance of the length of the second internode in wheat hybrid generations. In diallel crosses (excluding reciprocals) of four different wheat cultivars (KG-75, Jugoslavija, Baranjka and NS-322) with different lengths of the second internode, F₁, F₂ and F₁BC hybrids were produced. The variability of the investigated trait was different. The cross combination Fcaranjka x NS 322, had the highest coefficient of variance and it was lowest in crosses KG-75 x Baranjka and KG-75 x NS 322. The relative heterosis was between 3.20% and 17.47%. The mode of inheritance of the length of the second internode was different (intermediate, dominant), depending on the cross combination. Analysis of genetic components of variancee indicated a dominant influence of the additive gene effect in the inheritance of the length of the second internode in F₁ hybrids, and the non additive gene effect in F₂ hybrids. The cross combinatioпs Jugoslavija x Baranjka and Jugoslavija x NS 322 were selected for future breeding.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE INHERITANCE OF YIELD COMPONENTS IN SPRING WHEAT

Stevan Petrović, Marija Kraljević-Balalić and Petar Rončević

Main yield components - gram number per spike and grain weight - were analysed in several hybrid combinations. Analyses were done for five high yielding Mexican lines crossed with two NS varieties. Each NS variety was crossed with five Mexican lines and the obtained reuslts are preesnted and discussed in this paper. The mode of inheritance was mainly intermediate and heritability values differed depending on the studied combination

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE INHERITANCE AND GENE EFFECT FOR PLANT HEIGHT AND
HARVEST INDEX IN DIFFERENT WHEAT GENOTYPES

Sofija Petrović, Marija Kraljević-Balalić and Miodrag Dimitrijević

In order to analyze the inheritance and gene effect for plant height and harvest index (HI), four wheat genotype (Jugoslavija, Žitnica, Osječanka, NS rana 2) were chosen. They weree crossed and F₁, F₂, F_B1 generations produced. The trial was conducted at the experimental field in Rimski Šančevi, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The gene effects were studied on the basis of generation mean analysis (additive-dominance model). The epistatic gene effect was evaluated using the model of six parameters (Mather and Jinks, 1982). Significant differnces were found between the mean vlaues for plant height and HI. Plant heights varied from 50.9 cm (Osječanka) to 65.1 cm (Jugoslavija). The inheritance was dominant or superdominant. In most the cases the value of the dominant effect was higher than the additive one. In the cross Žitnica x NS rana 2 epistasis was not observed. In all other hybrids epistasis occurred (a x a, a x d, d x d). HI ranged from 22.2% (NS rana 2) to 30.1% (Žitnica). The mode of inheritnace was dominant or superdominant. In most crosses there existed a preponderance of the dominant over additive gene effect, except in the combination Jugoslavia x Osječanka. The epistasis for HI was of a a x a and d x d type.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

SPONTANEOUS DOUBLED HAPLOIDS IN WHEAT ANTHER CULTURES ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN BREEDING PROGRAMS

Stanislav Šesek

Today, twenty years after the first haploid plants were obtained by in vitro what anther culture, this technique has found a wide application in wheat breeding programs. To realise the successful application of the anther culture technique in the process of new cultivar production, it is very important to increase the frequency of green plants with a haploid or diploid chromosome number. In haploids, which are completely sterile, the number of chromosomes must be doubled by colchicine treatment and that is a unique way to obtain homozygous progenies when the anthers of heterozygous F1 or F2 are used for isolation. On the other hand, spontaneous doubled haploids have a great significance in wheat breeding because they can be directly included in the process of new cultivar production as homozygous material. Thus, induced chromosome doubling which may be complicated and uncertain, can be avoided. In our experiment, the anthers of six random selected F1 hybrids were isolated and 90.5% of green plantlets obtained were haploid or spontaneous doubled haploid. Only 9.5% of green plantlets were polyploids, aneuploids or mixoploids. The frequency of spontaneous doubled haploids was 49.2%. This means thatt approximately 50% of regenerated green plantlets can be, as homozygous material, directly used in what breeding. This circumstance is very important in the case when the anther culture technique is applied in large scale production of homozygous doubled haploids.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

VARIATIONS OF THE QUANTITY OF QUALITY OF WHEAT PROTEIN DEPENDING ON THE GENOTYPE AND AGROECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Marija Šarić, Nataša Milutinović, Nada Hladni, Nada Filipović and Milan Gnip

Technological quality as a whole, as well as the quantity and quality of the protein are principally related to the genetic potential of a wheat variety, which is realized more or less, depending on agroecological conditions. Consequently the processing value and technological duality of the half-final and wheat products mainly depend on the quantit and quality of the protein. In spite of the climatic homogeneity of Vojvodina, great differences exist in the quality of a wheatt variety depending on the place and region of production. The purpose of this study was to determine, by statistical analysis, differences of the protein quantity and quality of wheat varieties - representatives of three technological groups mainly present in the mercantile production. They are: variety improvers - Rodna, Proteinka and Balkan; bread varieties - Jugoslavija, Novosadska 5, and Pobeda; basic varieties - Lasta, Francuska and Evropa. Analysis of statistical variance has explaned the effect of various sources of variations, and analysis of the interdependence of parameters important for the quantity and quality of the protein has determined the significance of their linear connection.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

SOME ТRАIТS OF NEW LINES OF BARLEY AND OATS IN FEDERAL
COMMISSION TRIALS

D. Maksimović, M. Krstić, R. Ognjanović, D. Mihajlija, G. Mihajlija

In microtrials at the Center for Small Grains in Kragujevac, during 1990–1994. 2 lines of two row winter barley, 1 line of two row spring barley and 1 line of spring oats were analyed. Also, these genotypes were included in trials of the Approval Federal Commission. All new lines were compared with check cultivars Novosadski 293 (winter barley), Kraguj (spring barley) and Condor (spring oat). The average grain yield of the new line of two row barley (KG-1/1-90) during 4 yeary of testing was 7527 kg/ha and for the KG-2/35-2-90 line it was 7566 kg/ha while for the check cultivar Novosadski 293 it was 7025 kg/ha. The average grain yield for the new KG-6/11 line of two row spring barley during 5 years of investigaion was 5190 kg/ha and for check cultivars Kraguj it was 4128 kg/ha. However, the average grain yield during 4 years of examination for KG-3/2-90 line of spring oats was 5535 kg/ha and for the check Condor cultivar it was 4833 kg/ha. These results indicate that the new selection lines in Kragujevac of barley and oats had a higher grain yield on average between 502-1062 kg/ha than check cultivars. Also, some quality grain parameters and the stability of grain yield were at the level of check cultivars.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

INHERITANCE OF TILLERING IN BARLEY HYBRIDS
(Hordeum vulgare L.)

Milomirka Madić

In diallel crosses of four divergent barley genotypes the mode of inhcritance, gene effects and genetic components of variances in F1 and F2 hybrids were analyzed. The mode of inheritance based on significant differences of average values in both hybrids and parents for tillering was estimated. The genetic components of variance and regression analysis, were analyzed using the methods oh Hayman (1954), Jinks (1954), and Mather and Jinks (1971). In Fl hybrids different mules of inheritance (over dominance, dominace, partial dominance and intermediate) and in F2 hybrid partial dominance were found. The additive uomponent of variance (D) in both generations were higher than dominant components (H1 and H2) indicating the main role of additive genes in the inheritance of tillering. The obtained value of magnitude H2/4H1 showed an unequal distribution of dominant and recessive genes, which was confirmed, by different frequencies (u, v) of dominant and recessive genes. The degree of dominance was lower than ones, indicating partial dominance in the inheritance of tillering. The regression line cut the Wr axis above the point of origin indicating partial dominance which is in agreement with the degree of dominance. The scatter of the array along the regression line indicated the presence of genetic diversity in the parents. The Partizan and NS-293 cultivars had more dominant genes and the KG 15 cultivar more recessive genes for tillering.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

AGRONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEW SPRING MALTING BARLEY VARIETIES

Novo Pržulj and Vojislava Momčilović

Spring two-rowed barley was considered for along time to be the only type of barley appropriate for beer production. Using genetic studies and breeding several winter varieties of two-rowed barley have been created, which besides satisfactory technological characteristics have higher grain yields than spring varietis. That was the reason why in the countries known as traditional producers of spring barley its production area was reduced for the benefit of winter barley. However, spring barley is still very significant for its agronomic and technological characteristics, as well as for the organization and distribution of primary agronomic production among winter and spring plants. The agronomic characteristics of spring malting barley under agroecological conditions in Vojvodina were improved after high yielding foreign varieties resistant to lodging were introduced. In the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops 16 spring malting barley varieties were created using the method of hybridization of divergent genotypes. Among the varieties released during 1980's the best agronomic and technological traits belonged to Novosadski 294 and Novosadski 301. The varieties Vihor, Jelen, Pek, Viktor and Milan released in 1990's have higher yields than the standard Novosadski 294 for about 1 t/ha and also beter cytolytic, proteolytic and amylolytic malt modifications. Novi Sad varieties of malting barley have good agronomic and technological traits; the grain contains about 12% of protein, and malt contains about 78-80% of the extract.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

ISOZYME VARIABILITY OF BARLEY ESTERASES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN CULTIVAR IDENTIFICATION

D. Radović, Ljiljana Vapa, V. Milankov, M. Tanurdžić

The PAGE method was used to determine isozyme variability of esterases in the barley cultivars originating from the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, as well as the possibility of their use in barly cultivar identification. Five isozyme systems were noted. Loci Est2 and Est6 were monomorphic, Est1 and Est4 had two allelic farms, while three alleles were observed at the Est5 locus. Barley cultivars were divided into seven different groups, according to their specific allelic composition. Only in one case a single cultivar had a unique phenotype. As for the others, between 2 to 10 cultivars were presсiit in each group.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

INHERITANCE OF SOME KERNEL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
OF HYBRIDS AT F4 GENERATION OF TRTICUM AESTIVUM L.

M. Ivanoski, Desimir Knežević, Mirjana Menkovska

In this study total crude proteins, pure proteins and sedimentation value of ten hybrid lines al F4 generation obtained by inter-species hybridization of soft wheat varieties (triticum aestivum SSP. vulgare) have been analyzed. The experiments were performed during 1993/94 on the experimental field of the Agriculture Institute in Skopje region. The inheritance of the total crude proteins in eight hybrid lines showed negative heterosis and in one line is dominant and intermediar. Pure protiens in nine hybrid lines showed negative heterosis and only in one line partial dominant. The inheritance of the sedimentation value in two lines showed postivie heterosis, in one line intermediar partial dominant, while in the other six lines there was negative heterosis.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE EFFECT OF CYTOKININS ON REGENERATION OF SUN
FLOWER PLANTS

Dragana Vasić, Lj. Vasiljević, Ana Marjanocić i D. Škorić

Parts of in vitro grown seedlings of cultivated sunflowers (Helianthus annuis L.) were placed on a nutrition medium supplemented with different cytokinins. The effect of cytokinins on regeneration of sunflower plants was studied by determination of the number of induced shoots and regenerated plants, after the first and second subculture.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

AN INVESTIGATION OF POLLEN MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN DIFFERENT SUNFLOWER GENOTYPES

Miomir Golubović, Dejan Jovanović

The aim of the work was auto-fertility research of different sunflower genotypes. Pollen germination was analyzed and together with the percentage of fertility it is an important factor for a high auto-fertility. Hybrids, varieties and sunflower lines of different origin (Romania, Yugoslavia) were used in this project. There were 28 genotypes. The Romanian variety REKORD was used as a standard. Investigations were undertaken parallel at two localities: Fundulea (Romania) and Zaječar (Yugoslavia). Very important differences were noticed for the auto-fertility percentage in different sunflower genotypes. The highest values were found for lines AC/90-3719A, AC/90-3688A, AC/90-3851B, 865418/26 and hybrids NS-H-52 and NS-H-OLIVKO.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

VARIABILITY OF THE PROTEIN AND OIL CONTENT IN SEEDS OF SELF-FERTILIZATION SUNFLOWER LINES

Dejan Jovanović and Miomir Golubović

C₆ lines were obtained with mean values of the protein content higher than the average values in the initial material (self-fertilization lines of C₄). The general average value for the seed protein content in C₆ lines was 19.7%. The minimum seed protein content valuee was obtained for line 863412/21 anal is was 14.8%, and the maximum one for line 358916-2/2 was 25.5%. The mean value of the seed oil content measured for lines of the C₆ generation was 29.6%. The minimum value of the seed oil content obtained for line 358913/30 was 17.9%, and the maximum one for line 86345/18 was 38.1%. Five self-fertilization sunflowez lines of the C₆ generation were obtained with seed protein contents higher than 22% and seed oil contents lower than 40%.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE EFFECT OF INBREEDING ON THE VARIABILITY OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUGAR BEET

Petar Dokić and Milisav Stojaković

Recently, sugar beet breeders have been paying attention to the utilization of heterosis, i.e. increasing the sugar beet yield potential. The results of this study answer the question to which extent the applied populations of monogerm diploid sugar beet are homogenous and what is their breeding value in furhter cycles of selection. The aim was to determine the effect of inbreeding depression on the realization of the studied characteristics in new „0” lines that possess the genes for male sterility (xxzz). The studied quantitaive characteristics are: root mass, root length, root diameter, number of rings of vessels, etc. The evaluation of homogenity of the initial populations and homozygosity of inbred lines after S4 generations of self pollination was performed using several parameters of statistical analysis of the results such as: mean value of characteristics, variation range, variation coefficient, standard deviations, ets. The depressive effect of inbreeding on root mass and other characteristics depended on the genetic constitution of the initial population and ranged from -74% in the populaiton NS-0400 to -242.0% in the line NS-300. Such a difference in root mass depression is due to different levels of heterozygosity of initial populations. The depressive effect of inbreeding on other characteristics was significantly lower, particularly on root length. In some of the lines, the root length did not change in inbred generations.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOME STAGE OF EMBRYOGENESIS
IN SUGAR BEET (Beta vulgaris L.)

Nevena Kuprešanin, Snežana Mezei, Z. Keserović, N. Mićić and Lazar Kovačev

The diploid male sterile genotype 954 grown in fields was investigated. Pollinated flowers, in various stages of ontogenesis were taken from different parts of the flower stalk. Samples were fixed in carnoy II and embedded in paraffin. Sections were cut using a microtome at 10 µm and stained with safranin and heamatoxylin. Several stages of embryo development were determined and also irregularities in embryo-sac development. According to the histological analysis, using a light microscope, the following stages of embryo development could be observed: fertilized polar nuclei, the first division of the zygote before the formation of a cell wall, a 16-cell embryo and an undifferentiated globular embryo.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF S2 FAMILIES OF FOUR SUGAR BEET SELFFERTILE MONOGERM POPULATIONS

Lazar Kovačev, N. Čačić, Snežana Mezei and P. Sklenar

Success in plant breeding depends of the existing genetic variability in source; populations, so methods for detecting the variability in populations have great importance. S2 self-fertile, monogerm population maintainers of cytoplasmatical-nuclear male sterility (CMS), „0” types, marked as: 1102-5-2, 81001, 1223, A84-38 were used for investigations. Populations were developed by the successive hybridisation method, where the last parentt was the line that named the population. Results were standardised using the single linkage method before analysis and cluster analysis. Differences between S2 were expressed with the normalised Euclidean distance. Results, presented by a dendrogram, showed similarities and dissimilarities between S2 families inside and between populations. This could be explained by the pedigree because during the development of populations they had common parents that gave different amounts of germplasm. All populations differed in, at least, the last parent.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

IN VITRO INDUCTION OF DIHAPLOIDS OF SUGAR BEET (Beta vulgaris L.)

V. Manojlović, Ž. Nikolić, M. Nešković, Lj. Ćulafić, S. Radović

Sugar beet haploid plants were obtained from unpollinated ovules. Dihaploids were induced by the mutagenic effect of colchicine. Colchicine was added to the medium for multiplication in concentrations of 50 mg/l and 150 mg/l for 24 to 120 hours. The most effective treatment was with higher concentrations of colchicine (150 mg/l) for shorter periods of time (48 horus). The ploidy level was dotermined by counting chloroplasts in stomal guard cells with young leaves. Tu haploid plantlets the number of chloroplasts was from 8 to 12 in stomal guard cells, while the dihaploid plants contained from 13 to 18 choroplasts.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE EFFECT OF ISOLATED STRAINS OF AZOTOBACTГER CHROOCOCCUM ON SUGAR BEET HYBRIDS

Snežana Mezei, Nastasija Mrkovački, Lazar Kovačev, Nevena Kuprešanin i P. Sklenar

Azotobacter chroococcum abilities to fix atmospheric nitrogen and produce some growth substances are well known. These traits enable the stimulating effect of Azotobacter strains on plant growth. The effect of six Azotobacter strains (2, 3,5,8.16 and 2/1), isolated from the rhizosphere of four sugar beet hybrids (Dana, Hy-11, Norma and Delta) was investigated. During sowing, each seed was inoculated with a 1 ml broth culture of the Azotobacter strain (density of 10 cells/ml). The trial was setup in a greenhouse and plants were grown in pots for 70 days. The matter mass and nitrogen content in plants were estimated. The dry matter mass varied from 0.3 to 5.9 g. Inoculation of plants with strains 3 and 5 increased the dry matter mass.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

ASSOCIATION ABILITY OF AZOTOBACTER STRAINS WITH SUGAR BEET

Nastasja Mrkovački, Snežana Mezei and Lazar Kovačev

The object of this study were Azotobacter strains (2, 3, 5, 8,14, 21) isolated from the rhizosphere of two sugar beet hybrids (Hy-11, Dana). The strains were selected for their nitrogenase activity in a liquid culture, and the protein content in seedlings of inoculated hybrids. Colonization of sugar beet roots with selected Azotobacter strains was observed in vitro (on plants of different ages) and in field trials. According to the results of field trials, there is a great difference in the association ability of some strains with roots of particular genotypes. The best results were obtained when Hy-11 was inoculated with strains 3 and 14, and Dana with strains 2 and 8.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE INFLUENCE OF POLYPLOIDY OF PARENTAL GENOTYPES ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE F₁ GENERATION OF HYBRID SUGAR BEET

I. Stančić, Ž. Nikolić, Slaven Prodanović

This paper discusses the influence of the number of genbmes of the parental material on the productivity of the F1 generation of hybrid sugar beet. The parental material included: two diploid monogerm cytoplasmic sterile male lines, two diploid polygerm populations, two tetraploid monogerm populations and two tetraploid multigerm populations. The parental genotypes and experimental hybrids were investigated during 1989 and 1990 in Leksinac. The following characters were assessed: root yield, sugar content, polarized sugar content. The data were statistically analyzed. Mean values and variability of treatments were colculated. The following genetic parameters were analyzed: absolute and relative heterosis in relation to the parental mean, relative effectt of heterosis in relation to the control and the influence of the genotypes of maternal components and the types of pollinators on the propeties of the Fi hybrid. In accordance with the absolute values for root yield, sugar content and polarized sugar content the most :favourable results were obtained using triploid hybrids and the CMS line 51-60 as a maternal component. Analysis of the variance of the half-sib shoved that the productivity (root yield 0,90, polar sugar content 0,72 and sugar content 0,26) of the F1 hybrid (except for sugar content) was significantly influenced by the genotypes of the maternal CMS lines.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

ESTIMATION OF COMBINING ABLITIES AND GENE ACTION FOR

SOME SUGAR BEET ROOT TRAITS

N. Čačić, Snežana Mezei, Lazar Kovačev and P. Sklenar

Nine diploid and triploid F₁ gentoypes from the same gene-pool (gene source), and their parents (three diploid & tetraploid pollinators and three diploid monogerm CMS strains were used for the analysis of some sugar beet root traits. In this paper the weight, length, diameter and dry-matter content (DM) of the roots were analysed using line x tester analysis. Tetraploid pollinators had higher general combining ability (GCA) values than diploid pollinators in all cases. Hybrid-combinations whose components showed high CGA values had higher values for specific combining abilities (SCA) for root weight, but some strains and pollinators with low GCA values showed high SCA values in hybridcombinations. We also obtained similar results for other traits. The non-additive action was most important for root weight expression, but additive gene action was most important for other analyzed traits. The contribution of pollinators and CMS strains was equal, for root weight expression; but the CMS strain contribution was not significant. Pollinators and then parental interaction had the most important contrinution to the expression of other measured traits. For expression of other measured traits most important contribution showed polinators and then interaction of parents.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GERMPLASM IN SOYBEAN BREEDING IN THE FOLLOWING YEARS

Milica Hrustić, M. Vidić and J. Miladinović

The Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops possesses a very rich soybean (Glycine may (L.) Merrit) germplasm. There are more than 600 different geneotypes that belong to maturity groups 000-111. The basic method used for obtaing ing variability in cultivar development is artificial hybridization. The breeder's purpose is to create high -yielding cultivars for use in different cropping systems. The genetic improvement realized by hybridization of genotypes from our collection has been exhausted. Further success therefore, depends on new genotypes with genes affecting the time of flowering and maturity (El-4) high peroxidase activity (Ep), resistance to downy mildew (Rpm) and Phytophtora rot (Rpsl-6). In the next period we intend to find such genotypes and use them in our breeding programmes.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE FREQUENCY OF LINES WITH A REDUCED TRIPSIN INHIBITOR ACTIVITY IN GRAIN IN EARLY TESTING OF SOYBEAN GRAIN YIELD

Mirjana Jovanović, Lj. Prijić, Irina Božović, Slađana Žilić

The Kunitz trypsin inhibitor is responsible for half of the trypsin inhibitory activity in soybean grain. The utilisation value of soybean grain significantly increases by its elimination. The presence of the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor is determined by a pair of genes. Its absence presents the expression of the homozygous recessive combination (ti ti). The variety KUNITZ (a donor of a favourable trait) was crossed to the adapted variety KADOR in order to develop high yielding lines with a reduced activity of trypsin inhibitor in grain. The total trypsin inhibory activity was determined in seeds of 200 selected F2 plants by the method of Hamerstand and Black and Glower and then it was compared with the activity of parents in oreder to develop hibr yielding lines. The exprected phenotpyic ratio 3:1 was detected between individuals with increased and decreased activity of the trypsin inhibitor in grain. This ratio existed when 100 more yielding F2 plants were monitored. The same ratio was found in the following generation when 48 of the most yielding individuals were tested, and it remained in F3 inbreds, which were more yielding than the adapted parent. Inbreds with a reduced activity of the trypsin inhibitor in grain were not eliminated while selecting more yielding inbreds in initial generations. Therefore, it could be assumed that the absence of the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor is not related to soybean grain yield.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE TRAITS IN THE F4 GENERATION OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max (L) (Merril) LINES IN RELATION TO PARENTS

Gordana Prodanović and Jelena Bošković

Using the concept of traits in the selection of parent couples (intensive domestic and foreign soybean varieties) ten ordinary crossing combinations were done. One superior line was selected in each crossing combination in the fourth filial generation. The qualitative and quantitative traits of selectedd descendants and parents were investigated during the period of two years. Using variance analysis it was established that there were significant differences among treatments as a whole, with in each investigation year and in their interaction. The zero-hypothesis was rejected and the Lsd-test showed the lines superiority in relation to parents for the investigated traits. Because of genetic correlations among seed yield, its components, and other traits the analysis of linear correlations was done and the direction and intensity of interrelations among traits were found.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

BREEDING HYBRID VARIETIES OF BROOMCORN

Janoš Berenji and Vladimir Sikora

Broomcorn (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is grown for its panicles usedd as basic raw material for manufacturing corn brooms. Its seed is valuable cattle feed. Broomcorn production is based only on open pollinated varieties. The aim of this research has been to examine the possibility of producing hybrid varieties of broomcorn. During the first phase of the project the factors responsible for cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) were transferred by backcrossing from grain sorghum into broomcorn in order to develop h cm A-lines along with their maintainers designated as B-lines. In the second part of the study the magnitude and direction of hybrid vigour in 36 single cross Fi hybrids developed by crossing 6 A-lines as female with 6 R-lines as male parents was evaluated. Regarding the weight of unthreshed and threshed panicles as well as seed weight per panicle the best hybrids overyielded the existing open pollinated varieties as much as 40%. Significant desirable`hybrid vigour was also noticed for other studied traits. Hybrid broomcorn facilitates the breeding for resistance to anthracnose and maize dwarf mosaic virus to which the resistance is inherited in the monogenic dominant way. It enables the creation of „seedless" cm hybrids. The compatibility of parental lines regarding their heightt genes required special attention in order to keep the stalk of the hybrids dwarf-like.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

A REVIEW OF IDENTIFIED RESISTANCE GENES TO PUCCINIA
RECONDITA TRITICI IN THE GENE-FOR-GENE SYSTEM

Jelena Bošković, Momčilo Bošković, Gordana Prodanović

The gene-for-gene systetm based on Flor's first investigations of interactionss between flax rust (Melampsora lini Desm.) and its host, flax (Linum ustitatissimum L.) was explained of the begining. Variations in the development of wheat leaf lust are due to genetic variations of wheat, Triticum aestivum L, genetic variations in the parasite, Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm., and variations of the environment. Samborski first showed that genetic interaction of wheat and P. recondita tritici operate in a gene-for-gene relationship. Based on the theory given above this paper presents published information on all Lr genes (genes for low reactions to P. recondita) to facilitate the use of these genes as the basis for storing and retrieving information on the specific relations of P. recondita : Triticum. This paper summarizes information on these Lr genes, them origin, chromosome location, characteristic low infection types, relative evnironmental sensitivity, synonymy, reference host lines, and reference cultures. Our international experimental experience of the efficiency of most of these Lr resistant genes and our future work with some newly identified Lr genes in the world is presented at the end.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GRAIN YIELD PER PLANT IN WHITE BEAN CROSSES

Mirjana Vasić, Jelica Gvozdenović-Varga, Dušanka Bugarski

Grain yield per bean plant was analyzed, in five parent populations (two lines selected from the populations Gradištanac and Tetovac were used as female plants and as male plants the varieties Medijana, Biser and Oplenac) and in six populations of F₁ and F₂. In parents, the highestt grain yield per plant was achieved with Tetovac, followed by Gradištanac and the lowest with Oplenac. Grain yield variability per plant is medium to high. The heterotic effect or parent dominance with a higher mean value occured as an inheritance mode in F₁. Heterosis was higher in the crossing between Gradištanac x Oplenac. Mean values of the populations were reduced in F₂. The inheritance mode for grain yield per plant was intermediary in all studied crossing combinations. Grain yield heritabilty per plant was high in most combinations. Considering the studied traits in the crossings with Gradištanac, plants with transgressions appeared.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

CHARACTERISTICS OF BULBS OF ONION POPULATIONS (Allium cepa L.)

Jelica Gvozdenović-Varga, A. Takač, Mirjana Vasić, J. Červenski

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a trditional vegetable crop of our climatic region. The geographic position and specific agroecological conditions of the present and former Yugoslavia influenced the formation of various populations and ecotypes of onions. These populations differe according to shape, number of bulbs, average bulb weight and way of growing which represents a significant source of genetic variability. The objective of our study was to examine the variability of the characteristics of onion populations whit the aim of determining desirable characteristics that could be used in onion breeding. The analysis determined significant differences regarding onion weight which ranged from 74.0 to 209.8 g while the variation coefficient for this characteristic was 39.1. A high variability of the dry matter content was found (10.0% -16.0%). The bulbs differed according to color and shape.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE INHERITANCE MODE OF THE FRUIT MASS OF PEPPER HYBRIDS

(Capsicum annuum L)

Đuro Gvozdenović

Papperr is one of the most important vegetable species. Tt belongs to the family Solanaceae, genus Capsicum, species Capsicum annuum L. The objectiveof this paper was to study the mode of inheritance and effect of fruit mass genes in pepper hybrids. For this study, we selected 7 mother parents (varieties and lines) and 3 fatherr parents (testers). According to the results we obtained information of the inheritance mode, gene effect, general and specific combination abilities for fruit mass of pepper hybrids. The hybrids and parents were grown in a fieldd according to a random block design in three replications. Combining abilities were analysed according to Singh and Chaudhary (197). The studied genotypes differed significantly regarding fruit mass. The inheritance of fruitt mass in F₁ hybrids was differently manifested (heterosis, dominance and intermediary). The genes with additive and non-additive effects were important for the inheritance of fruit mass, with a predominant role of non-additive genes. The genotype Kalifornijsko čudo had the most significant positive value of OCA. The crossing between Albaregia x Kalifornijsko čudo and Buketna 1 x Matica which had the best values of SCA could be used for the further breeding of pepper.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

DETERMINATION OF THE GENETIC IDENTITY OF THE HOP (Humulus lupulus L.) CULTIVAR „BAČKA”

Vladislava Galović

Various speculations exist, but it is not yet clear how, when and where the cultivated hop was developed. The cultivar „Bačka” is traditionally grown in the Vojvodina hop growing region. Literature data suggest that this cultivar is not autochthonic. In spite of various theories, like the one that this cultivar was formed by acclimatization of introduced German-French cultivars, the centre of its origin is not yet clear. A total of 16 genotypes have been selected from the hop collection of the Department for Hops, Sorghums and Medicinal Plants based on their phenotypic and agrobiologic similarity to cultivar „Bačka”, suggesting the existance of the same centre of origin. This material belongs to the european group of hops divided into tree subgroups: English, Bavarian and Czech ecotypes. The experiment lasted three years and the layout was a randomized block system. The elementary plots consisted of 10 plants in four replications. The agronomic characteristics were evaluated in the field combined with biochemical analysis in the laboratory. 19 quantitative charactgeristics have been studied. In order to find out the differ genotypes way, multivariate analysis was applied by the method of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA was used with Varimax rotation choosing 3 main factors explaining 80% of the total variation that enabled grouping of the tested genotypes into two genetic divergent groups. Analysis of variance showed that the content and composition of etheric oils are most important for determining to which ecotype a certain variety belongs, since these traits are not influenced by environmental factors. The PCA revealed the most important discriminators determining the first, second andd third main component, reducing this was the dimensions of structural elements and suggesting the majorr traits of direct importance to this study. Based on the agronomic and biochemical parameters studied and also the rsults of multivariational analysis, it was concluded that the cultivar „Bačka” belongs to the Bavarian group of hops.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

EFFECTS OF THE „AFILA” GENE ON PEA (Pisum sativum L.) GRAIN
FORMATION

R. Đorđević, Ž. Marković, Ljiljana Stanković, V. Pešić

At the recessive homozygosity level the „AFILA” gene in peas modifies plants which form tendrils instead of leaves. The variety Filigreen of the „Afila” plant type has been crossed with twelve varieties of normal plant and leaf type in the alme to investigate the influence of the „Afila” genotype on grain formation in peas. Genetic analysis of the F₁ and F₂ generation (separation ratio 3:1 normal leaves: Afila type) confirmed the recessive monogenetic character of the property. The number of grains per plant in the F₁ generation (normal leaf structure) was greater compared to both parent types on average i.e. 25%. In the F₂ generation in thee plants with normal levels the number of grains per plant was smaller by 15% couyared to the F₁ generation, but at the same time 7% greater than in father plants.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE INFLUENCE OF INHERITED FACTORS ON INHERITANCE OF
THE FIRST POD HEIGHT IN BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

M. Zdravković, D. Corokalo, R. Đorđević, J. Zdravković

The aim of this investigation was to determine the genetical mode effects on the inheritnace of the first pod height on a bean stem. After diallele crosses of six diverse genotypes regarding the first pod height, analyses of the F1 and F2 generation were performed according to Hayman (1954). The results indicated that the mode of inheritance of the first pod height in beans varied as follows: partial dominance, dominant inheritance and overdominance. Considering all crossing combinations the main part of genetic variance belouped to the dominant components. The dominant alleles (F1) prevailed over recessive ones in the expression of this characteristic. The average dominance degree indicated that, after considering all combinations, superdomination was evident concening the first pod inheritance. Analyses of variance of specific and general combining abilities (Griffing, 1956) show that additive variance has a greater influence on the inheritance of this characteristic than dominant variance. The best general combiner was line six. The heritability in the narrow sense was 64%, while in the broad sense it was 8.5%, which indicates a light influence of genetic factors in the process of inheritance of this characteristic.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THIS INFLUENCE OF THE LOCULE NUMBER IN TOMATO FRUITS
(Lycopersicon esculetum Mill.)

J. Zdravković, Ž. Marković, M. Damjanović, Z. Sušić

A total of 6 parental genotypes of tomatoes significantly different in the number of locules per fruit were examined in a diallcl analysis for the inheritance of this characteristic in 15 F₁ and F₂ generations. In the F₁ generation, the number locules was inherited intermediarly. In the F₁ generation in 8 F₁ combinations intermediary inheritance occurred, while in 5 F₁ hybrids dominations, and partial domination of parents with large number of locules per fruit occurred. In 4 hybrids inheritance was not investigated due to insufficient divergence between the parents. In the F₂ generation, intermediary inheritance was found in 5 F₁ hybrids, and partial dominance of the parents with a large number of locules in 6 F₁ hybrids. The results the combining ability in F₁ and F₂ generations, showed thatt genes with additive effects dominate in the inheritance of this characteristic. The combining analysis were performed using Griffing's (1950) method 2, model I.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE INHERITANCE OF PERICARP THICKNESS IN SOME PEPPER GENOTYPES

B. Zečević, D. Stevanović, A. Obradović

The combining ability, gene effects and mode of inheritance of five divergent genotypes of pepper have been established through the analysis of diallel crossings. The combining ability was calculated using the method 2, model I of Grififng (1956). Analysis of components of genetic variance was performed using method of Hayman (1954) and Jinks (1954) and regression analysis was done according to Mather & Jinks (1971). Testing of mean values of the F1 generation in relation to parents showed that the most frequent mode of inheritnace was intermediate. The genotypes Ll and L3 had the highest value of GCA while there were no hybrids with a positively significant PKS value. The analysis of variance of the combining ability and regression analysis showed that the additive component played a minor role in the inheritance this trait. The regression line cut the Y axis above the point of origin idicating partial dominance. The distribution of array points indicated genetic divergence between parents. The frequency of dominant geness for pericarp thickness was higher than the frequency of recessive genes. The genotypes Ll, L2, L4 and LS had a larger number of dominant genes, while the genotype L3 possessed a larger number of recessive genes.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE NUMBER OF SEEDS IN PODS PER
PEA PLANT (Pisum sativum L.)

D. Jovićević, Đ. Gvozdenović, Marija Kraljević-Balalić, Mirjana Vasić, Dušanka Bugarski

In this paper the mode of inheritance and gene effect for yield component, number of seeds in the pod per plant in the F1 generation of peas are presented. A trial was established which was based on the assumption that dominance of the better parent and heterosis for the studied characteristics will occur in the F1 generation. Six genotypes were used as experimental material. According to the concept of parent pairs selection, we selected parent lines Jof, Verdo, Wavertop as mother components and Hunter, Skinado and Consort as testers. According to the method line x tester the selected genotypes were crossed and seeds of the F1 generation were produced. Mean values and the variability indicator were calculated. Evaluation of the inheritance mode was performed using the t-test of significance of difference of mean values of the generations from the parent average (Borojević,1965). According to the data analyzed, the inheritance mode is demonstrated differently in the F1 generation.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

A MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE DRY MATTER
YIELD AND PRINCIPAL PARAMETERS OF BIOLOGICAL NTTROGEN FIXATION INTENSITY IN RED CLOVER (Trifolium pratense L.)

Z. Lugić, M. Ivanović, Kosana Konstatinov, Dušica Delić and Jasmina Radović

Correlation and regression analyses of interrelations and effects of seven biological nitrogen fixation parameters in red clover were carrid out in these studies. High correlation was found for dry matter yield and the following traits: plant height, root mass and nitrogenase activity. Also, high correlation was detected forr nitrogenase activity, crude protein content, as well as for the number of nodules and for the majority of observed parameters. The plant height and number of nodules had a strong direct effect on dry matterr yield per plant identical to the correlation coefficient. The indirect effect of the number of nodules, over plant height, caused a high total correlation of these two traits. The correlation coefficient for dry matter yield per plant and root mass was positive and highly significant (p <0.01). However, the direct effect of root mass on dry matter was weak and genative. The total correlation for these two traits was of medium intensity due to a strong indirect effect through plant height. An intensive indirect effect through plant height was also obtianed for root lenght. Also, the crude protein content significantly effectred plant mass through plant height, but that effect was negative causing a significant (p <0.01) and negative correlation for these two traits. A high coefficient of multiple determination (R 12345 + : 0,901) was achieved. This means that the studied traits determine to a great extent the dry matter yield per plant.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

A GENETIC ANALYSIS OF YIELD AND SOME SEED YIELD COMPONENTS OF

CASTOR BEANS (Ricinus communis L.)

R. Marinković, Ana Marjanović-Jeromela

The genetic material for this research consisted of five varieties of castor beans that were used for diallel crosses, excluding reciprocal. Male flowers were manually removed early in the morning from the plants that were used as females. The experimental material was sown in three replications according to a random block design. Thirty plants per treatment per replication were used for the analysis of the number of seeds per plant, 1000 - seed mass and seed yield per plant. The analysis of the components of genetic variability (D, H1, H2, F) was done according to Hayman (1954). Both components of genetic variability, additive (D) and dominant (H1 and H2) were included in the genetic control of all three studied characteristics. However, considering the number of seeds per plant the additive component was higher than the dominant one, while for 1000 - seed mass and seed yield per plant the dominant component was higher than the additive one. The F value was positive for the number of seeds and seed yield per plant and negative for 1000 - seed mass. The value of (H1/D)¹/² indicates partial dominance in seed yield per plant. The parents had more dominant genes for the number of seeds and seed yield per plant and more recessive genes for 1000 - seed mass.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

A STUDY OF PRODUCTION FEATURES OF THE DOMESTIC POPULATIONS OF ALFALFA (Medicago saliva L.)

Jasmina Radović, Z. Lugić and Biljana Urošević

Important agronomic features of 13 domestic populations regarding standard lines of alfalfa K-.1 and US-66 were followed with the aim of broadening the genetic basis of the current selection material. The experiment was established according to the random block sysetm in five replications. Height, earlyness maturity, regeneration speed, foliation, production of green and dry mass and fitness were monitored during a three year study. The results were statistically processed by the method of variance analysis. There were no significant differfeces in height between the tested populations and the standards. The three year results illustrate significant differneces in the productton of green and dry mass. Vojvodina's population had a somewhat smaller productivity, especially in the seeding year. Four populations from the districts of Paraćin, Zaječar, Kruševac and Batočina reached a substantially higher productivity of biomass than the standard ones, which can be explained by high adaptivity to the ecological conditions where the testing was performed. There were no important differences among tested materials for early maturity and regeneration speed. Based the results obtained it can be concluded that domestic populations of alfalfa can be normally used as a source material in the process of selection for production.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

MUSKMELON (Cucumis melo L.) SEX EXPRESSION MODIFIED BY ETHREL

Ljiljana Stanković, M. Zdravković, Tatjana Sretenović-Rajičić, N. Nevenkić

The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of Ethrel (2-chlorethanephosphonic acid) on muskmelon sex expression. The targets were two genotypes, one of them monocius and the other andromonoecius. Muskmelons were grown in the field and treatd with different concentrations of Ethrel solutions (0.24%, 0.36%, 0.48%, 0.96%). at the 3 leaf stage. The control was distilled water. The first noticeable effects of Ethrel treatments were leaf and terminal bud damage. These effects were followed by a slight growth check which resultedd in increased branching. Flowering of female flowers was delayed about ten days and flowering of male flowers mas delayed more than thirty days. The results of the experiment showed that Ethrel increased the muskmelon female tendency, and that could be used practically in hybrid seed production.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

INTERDEPENDENCE OF THE CHARACTERISTIC OF FURIT AND YIELD OF EGG-PLANTS (Solaпum melongena L.)

A. Takač, Đ. Gvozdenović, Jelica Gvozdenović-Varga, Mirjana Vasić

Egg-plant is a well-known vegetable crop. The inhabitants of the Asian continent have known this plant for several thousands of years (India, China, Japan). In our country, this is a relatively new vegetable crop as it has been used for only 80-90 years. For human nutrition, the fruits are always cooked, baked, etc. The objective of the investigation discussed in this paper was to determine the interdependence of the yield and number of fruits per plant, average fruit mass, fruit length and width. The experiment was set up according to the randomised block design on the Experimental fields of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in 1993-94. Five genotypes of different origin were studied. The studied varieties and hybrids differed according to the number of fruits per plant which ranged from 2.56 to 3.8. A positive correlation existed between the number of fruits and average fruit mass and the number of fruits and yield. A positive correlation was also found between the average fruit mass and yield, fruit width and average fruit mass and fruit width and yield. A low negative correlation was found between fruit length and average fruit mass, fruit length and fruit width and fruit length and yield.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

BREEDING OF SEPCIES FROM GENUS Agrostis L.

Zorica Tomić, Gordana Šurlan-Momirović

Research on more than 120 autochtonous populations of 5 species from the genus Agrostis, was started in 1988. The aim of this research was choosing the best populations for breeding new cultivars. Since there are no domestic cultivars in our country and it is known that they have different uses, cutting and grazing, as wellas good quality, made our research important. The presented results refer to the genetic potential for production of previously analyzed populations. This was the basis for chosing families in the second year of usage (1995). The totally 43 famines originating from 22 populations ofAgrostis stolonifera, 14 populations of Agrostis capillaris and 7 populations of Agrostis gigantea have been analyzed. By analyzing the variance of the obtained production of green and dry matter in two cuts it was found that there were statistically very significant differences between families, cuts and interactions within families and cuts. The coefficinet of variation for the production of dry matter was 5.50. A total of 24 populations achieved a statistically very significantly higher yield of two cuts in populations ranking. They are 11 families originating from the populations Agrostis stolonifera, 9 families from Agrostis capillaris and 4 families from Agrostis gigantea. The highest average yield of dry matter, which was 5.68 t/ha was for family 3.42 from the population of Agrostis stolonifera originating from Kopaonik. At the same time the work presents the main parameters of dry matter quality. Based on all the results and research thee best breeding families will be chosen for new cultivars from these three species.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GENOTYPIC VARIABILITY OF QUANTIATATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF CABBAGE

J. Červenski, Đ. Gvozdenović, Mirjana Vasić

A trial with 12 cabbage genotypes with various values for quantitative characteristics was established in three replications according to the model of randomized block design. The trial was set up in the Vegetable Department of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops at the location of Rimski Šančevi in 1992 and 1993. Two-factorial variance analysis was applied for data processing and genotypic variabilities for the following traits were calculated: average head mass, utilizable head part, head height, head diamter, length of inner stem, and yield. The analysis of quantitative characteristics of various cabbage genotypes in 1992 and 1993 showed that the lowest genetic coefficinet for variation was achieved for the head diameter (9.39) and the highest for the length of the inner stem (20.31). Considering other characteristics, this indicator varied from 12.14 to 17.28.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

SELECTION OF RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI CULTIVARS WITH IN
CREASED INTENSITIES OF NITROGEN FIXATION

Dušica Delić, Z. Lugić, Jelena Knežević-Vučković, Draga Simić

Cultivars of Rhizobium meliloti were isolated from differnet types of soil and different land uses in the Kruševac region.Cultivars with an increased intensity of nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with lucerne, Medicago saliva, were selected. The aim of htis paper was to use the isolated, autochthonous Cultivars of R. mneliloti as the base for the seleciton of active Cultivars, so that, by comparative seleciton of highly active Cultivars and varieties of hicerne with expressed ability of nitrogen fixation, more successful cultivation of Lucerne can be acieved utilizing nitrogen from the air. The nitrogen fixation activity of 17 Cultivars of R. meliloti was investigated. The results indicate that the soil of the Kruševac region is heterogeneous regarding the activity of this bacterial species. This 13 species showed a singificant activity (76.5%) which was not dependent on the host plant presence or absence at the locality where they were isolated, because the Cultivars from uncultivated land and arable fields showed the highest activity, and those from fields with or without Lucerne were inactive. Alluvium was homogenous in cultivar activity and it was distinguished by very efficient Cultivars. The degree of nitrogen fixation efficiency of the Cultivars from the soil types: smonitza, brown foest soil, and deluvium was different: from inactive to variyng activities. Cultivars of moderate activity were isolated from Lucerne-field pseudogley, which suggests the possibiity of selection of Cultivars capable of nitrogne fixation in acid soils. The heterogeneity of Cultivars concerning nitrogen fixation enabled the selection of very efficient cultiva.rs, and the most suitable cultiva.r is Sld3, originating from smonitza.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

PHENOL ACIDS AS MARKERS OF PLANT RESISTANCE TO DISEASES

Ištvan Verešbaranji, Marija Kraljević-Balalić, Mira Pucarević and Vukosava Đorđević-Milić

Phenol acids are the products of plant biosynthesis and are found in traces in all plant parts. In healthy plants, the concentration of phenol acids is low. Under unfavourable conditions for plant growth and development, disease or mechanical injuries, the concentration of phenol acids increases several times compared to the normal condition. Plants defend themselves from fungi, bacteria and viruses by synthesing appropriate phenol acids taht are poisonous compounds for microorganisms and viruses. The plant species that did not have mechanisms for fast synthesis of appropriate phenol acids under conditions of disease or injury, disappeared from Earth a long time ago. The mehtod of supercritical extraction with CO2 and an appropriate modifier enables the extraction of all free phenol acids from plant tissue. The method of HPLC enables the separation of phenol acids and determination of their concentration as is presented in the paper of Veresbaranji (1990). The content of six more important phenol acids was studied in the straw of 14 wheat cultivars: syringic, chlorogenic, o-methoxybenzoic, unidentified, benzoic, p-methoxybenzoic and transcinnamic. The wheat cultivars used in this study were: Partizanka, Rana 2, Jugoslavija, Super zlatna, NS 28-78, Somborka, Staparka, Duga, NS 54-00, NS 52-61, NS 30-00, NS 28-92, NS 29-49 and NS 29-59. Genetically divergent wheat cultivars with a different susceptibility to powdery mildew, and stem and leaf rust were tested under field conditions for two years. The correlation between significant phenol acids and resistnace to diseases was calculated. Multiple correlation analysis was performed according to Pearson. The results obtained indicate a high correlation between the content of transcinnamic acid and the occurrence of stem rust (0.804) and powdery mildew (-0.764) as well as a high correlation between the content of ortho methoxy benzoic acid and leaf rust (-0.872).

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GENETIC HETEROGENEITY AND ECOLOGICAL STABILITY OF
TOBACCO CULTIVARS

A.E. Špakov, V. Pešić, J.A. Volčkov

The term ecological stability can best be characterized as the genetically determined cultivar trait able to preserve the rate of productivity and quality under a broad spectrum of different growing conditions. In practice, developing cultivars that can cope with these problems is becoming more important. The emphasis of the biological aspect of the problem, namely the determination of the „point of application" in a breeding program, will be on discerning the genetic mechanism of ecological stability. The ecological stability of a cultivar is affected not only by the reaction of some genotypes but also by the genetic homeostasis of the cultivar as the heterogenic population. The estimation of the contribution of „individual and population buffering” will determine the strategy in a selection program. The objective of this paper was to determine the genotypec heterogeneity of the cultivars and to assess the phenotypic variables of the complex of morphological and phenological traits of cultivars and lines - descendants of individual plants using system analysis. Different ecological zones were found to affect the genotypec structure of cultivars. The rate of reaction of individual genotypes was assessed using the results of the investigations on morphogenetic correlation.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

ASSESSMENT OF THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME POPLAR CLONES
TO CAUSAL AGENTS OF LEAF AND BARK DISEASES

Gojko Avramović, Vojislav Guzina and Saša Orlović

Leaf diseases (Marssonina brunea and Melampsora sp. ) and bark necrosis (Dothichiza populea) cause great problems in poplar growing. As nursery protection, espicially the protection of plants in the later stages of development, faces great difficulties, the Poplar Research Institute investigates the possibility of creating resistand or less susceptible varieties to these diseases. This paper presents the results of testing the susceptibility of 40 clones to the leaf diseases named above, and 60 clones to bark necrosis, based on spontaneous infections. Leaf diseases were evaluated based on the number of acervulus of Marssonina brunea or uredosorus of Melampsora sp. per 1 cm² of the leaves from two shoots taken from three plants from the parent gene pool, and the susceptibility to bark necrosis was assessed based on the number of necroses on three 2-year-old plants from the selection line. The results show that some clones did not show symptoms of diseases, and other clones showed significant interclonal differences. Consequently, the researched clones were classified from practically completely resistant to very susceptible clones. The results of this research agree with previously reported results referring to other series of clones.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE TERPENE-MORPHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE TAXONOMY OF

BLAC PINE

Srđan Bojović and Slobodan Šmit

Using terpenes as genetic markers with the gas-chromatogrphy method (GC). combined with morphological characters, the monoterpene and sesquiterpence composition and chemotoxonomy in 41 populations of 10 regions from 6 mediterranean countries have been investigated in detoil. A total of 3 taxons existe. One is in the East, rich in germacrene-d and includes the populations from Calabria, Sicily, Northern and Central Italy, Austria, Slovenia and Greece. The other two are in the West, having probably a common iberian origin and they are separated into the black pine from Cevennes and Pyreneens rich in a-humulene and caryophyllene and the black pine from Corsica, very rich in linalyl acetate. A different systematic definition of the black pine from Corsica, Caabria and Sicily is imposed.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

PRОPERTIES OF LIGNUM RAYS OF VIRGILIAN OAK (Quercus virgiliana Ten. (Ten.) ON DIFFERENT SITES IN THE DELIBLATO SANDS

Dragica Vilotić

Anatomic reserch of lingum rays of Quercus virgiliana oak in the Deliblato sands are connected with two localities (Velika Tilva and Rošijana), and three different habitats (based on physical - chemical properties of soil). The results of research of the anatomical structure (macro and micro) have confirmed that the complex action of genetic, population, and site conditions affects the size and arrangement of lignum rays and this way also the physical - mechanical properties of wood. The lignum ray height of the researched trees ranged between 0,02 mm to 4-S cm, and the width between 0,1 and 0,6 mm. The narrowest lignum rays (0,1 - 0,3) occur at the locality Rošijana. The distance between lignum rays in the trees at Velika Tilva amounted to 1 to 3,6 mm, and in the trees at Rošijana from 2 to 4 mm. Based on the properties of lignum rays, the Quercus virgiliana oak is anatomically distingushed from other species of the genus Quercus, which indicates the special characteristics of trees of this species.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS SIGNIFICANT FOR THE SELECTION AND BREEDING OR BITTER OAK (Quercrus cerris L.)

Dragica Vilotić, Rade Cvjetićanin, Vojislav Janković

In this paper morphological characteristics of the special form Quercus cerris Var. austriaca f. cycloba Borb. which is popularly called „white biter oak” are presented Quercus cerris Var. austriaca f. cycloba. Borb. is characterized by shallowly lobed leaves, and rounded and blunt nothes (Erdeši et Gajić, 1977). Research on the slopes of the mountain Rtanj (locality Cerje on the site of Orno - Quercetum cerris-virgilianae B. Jovanović et E. Vukićević, 1977), shows that this form of bitter oak, in addition to leaf characteristics, also differes in its way of branching and its bark. In the lower and middle part of the crown the angle of branching is almost right engled, which is not the characteristic of the typical species. The bark differs in colour and is gray, somewhat paler, and also thicker and more deeply fissured. In addition to morphological characteristics, Quercus cerris Var. austriaca f. cycloba Borb. also differs in the anatomical characteristics of the wood, i.e. it has a substantially better-quality wood, so it deserves special attention in breeding (selection and intraspecific hybridization).

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AND VITALITY OF DIFFERENT
DOUGLAS FIR PROVENANCES

M. Vučković, V. Stamenković, D. Vuletić

One of the main tasks in provenance research of a species is the experimental determination of major heritable characteristics, first of all characteristics of growth and tree vitality. These experiments are primarily necessay in the case of Douglas fir, as it has a wide range of distribution with varying site conditions. Our reserrch in the plantations where different provenances of Douglas fir were planted side by side in identical site conditions, included quantitative observation of height and diameter development, stem quality, and resistance to climate, plant and animal adverse factors. This paper presents the results of the observation of five provenances on the sites of beedh (Fagetum rnoratanum) and Hungarian oak and bitter oak (Quercetum fernatto cerris) on antropogenically modified soil (kopasol). The results are based on precise measurements of the tree diameter and height and testing the recorded size differences of each provenance.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY OF THE POLLEN OF Picea omorrica (PANČ.) PURKYNE FROM THE CULTURE AT BELA ZEMLJA

Branislava Grbović

The morpho-physiological variability of the pollen of Picea omorica (Panč.) Purkyne has been analysed on 25 test-trees from the culture at Bela Zemlja, near Užice. Significant differences were confirmed between them in dimensions, germination facility, energy of germinatton and vitality of fresh pollen grains. Individuals with the best quality of pollen pollinator -trees, could be used in further improvement programs withh this precious species in modern forestry.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL-GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
SPRUCE FROM KOPAONIK

Matilda Đukanović, Stevan Dožić, Dragica Obratov

Many experts have observed that the nature of the mountain Kopaonik has been seriously degraded by the development of various activities (first of all tourism) and by forest decline, so the need of conservation and regeneration of forest complexes, especially spruce, has been emphasized. This paper shows the results of the first analyses of certain characters of seven selected spruce trees from Kopaonik. The trees 30 - 50 years old, height 15 - 40 m, were chosen at the, locality Donji Babin Grob, compartments 103, 104, and 26. The morphometric analsis of cones and seeds, then seed germination, content of different forms of water in the needles, dry mass of needles, content of mineral matter, as well as analysis of the seedlings, showed that on expressed variability of these characteristic exists in the analyzed trees. This can enable a.closer determination of the character of genetical, physiological andd morphological variabilities, which contributes to a more precise evaluation and a more competent utilization of spruce stands on Kopaonik. The aim of this reserach is better knowledge of the physiological and genetical potential of spruce, which can ensure the production of quality seedlings for forest regeneration aiming at erosion control and the repair of damage caused by erosion, activation of new regions for tourism, and other undertakings in the conservation and exploitation of the natural welth Kopaonik.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE EFFECT OF FORCES SELF-FERTILIZATION ON SEEDLING
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TREE OF HEAVEN (Ailanthus altissima Swingle)

Vasilije Isajev, Aleksandar Tucović, Milan Mataruga and Mirjana Šijačić-Nikolić

The results of comparative morphological-physiological analyis of characteristics of seedling lines of five trees subjected to forced self-fertilization and 5 control lines of tree of heaven seedlings have been presented. Selt-fertilized tree of heaven offspring form two types of seedlings: ± normal and abnormal, on average the percentage ration is 48.6% : 51,4%; and for control seedlings, the share of the abnormal type is on average 3.8%. The serious loss of variatility, due to a significant percentage of abnormal seedlings, occurs in natural condtions only shen the tre of heaven parent trees are subject to self-fertilization. The mean value of the hypocotyl length of self-fertilized compared to control lines is reduced by 19.91%, epicotyl lenght -39.40%, cotyledon lenght -16.86%, cotyledon width - 15.20%, root axis length - 5.21%, and total length of lateral roots - 15.89% on average. The occurrence of abnormal seedlings is not harmful to the tree of heaven as a species. Namely, their elimination by selection reduces the genetic loading of daughter generations on one hand, but on the other hand, after directed selection, it enables the raising of ornamental cultivars. The starting material of the three of heaven evolution does not consist only of superior genotypes, but also of bodly adaptable ones the so-called „losers”. Consequently, in tree breeding, self-fertilization is often used as a method of discovering heterozygous trees with many lethal and semi-lethal genes. Experiments with selected self-fertilized trees are the source of much information concerning heterosis. Trees of heaven flower early, in the fourth year, so S2, S3 and S4 generations can be produced in a short period of time. Trees of heaven have a series of advantages, so the species can be classed as a favourite model source, for the realization of maximumm genetic gain by intraspecific hybridization.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

VARIABILITY OF LEAF MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF INTRA AND INTERSPECIES HYBRID PROGENIES OF EASTERN COTTONWOOD

(Populus deltoides Bartr.)

Branislav Kovačević, Vojislav Guzina and Saša Orlović

The discrimination and identification of poplar clones is significant in correct nersery practice, in the establishment of experimental plantings, as well as in the protection of authorship. Special attention should be paid to those parameters which are characterized by a high and significant share of the variance depending on the genotype in the total phenotype variance. In accordance with these criteria, the following leaf morphological parameters were evaluated: leaf length (x1.), lengt along the main nerve (x2), leaf width (x3), lengthh from the top to the widest part of the leaf (x4), length of petiole (x5), number of lateral nerves on one side (x6), angle between the main and the second lateral nerve (x7), as well as the parameters derived from the relationships of the first five parameters. Measurements were caned out on three leaves from the zone between the leaves 6 to 10 taken at random from three rooted cuttings 2/1 per clone. Four families were investigated P. deltoides x P. deltoides and two hybrid families P. deltoides x P x euramericana, with an enequal number of investitaed clones. The components of variance were evaluated based on the analysis of variance of subsamples with an unequal number of repetitions, and the F test was aceerding to Sattertweit (1946) (after Hadživuković 1991). By investigating the components of the total variance and the coefficient of heritability for families and for intra-family clones, as well as total heritability, individual parameters were evaluated with the aim to select the parameters with a greater effect of the genotype on the total variation of parameters. It was concluded that petiole (x5) and the parameters derived from it (x5/x1, x5/x2, x5/x3, and 5/x4), as well as the angle between the main and the second, lateral nerve (x7), have high coefficients of heritability in a wider sense both between families and between intra-family clones, but the F test showed that the only significant variation of parameters is between clones.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE INFLUENCE OF SEED GERMINABILITY ON THE SURVIVAL AND HEIGHT OF TWO-PEAR OLD DOUGLAS FIR PLANTS OF DIFFERENT PROVENANCES

Vera Lavadinović, Miloš Koprivica, Vasilije Isajev

The influence of seed germinability on the survival and height of two-yearold plants was studied on thirty Douglas fir provenances. The provenances covered almost the entire natural range of Douglas fir distribution. The regression and correlation method was used for analyzing the interdependence of the observed features, as well as their dependance on geographic coordinates and altitude of the provenances. A significant positive conerdance (correlation) in varitions of the germinability percent, survival percent and height of two-year old plant, was noted. The percent of the survival height of two-year old plants can be quite reliably predicted based on the established percent of seed germinability. The influence of latitude was not observed as significant, while the influence of longitude and altitude was clearly shown. Provenances with higher longitudes and lower altitudes on average had the highest percent of seed germinability (60-7O%), the highest survival percent (40-50%) and thee greatest plant height (2.5-3O cm). The results of this research also have an applicatory character.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE APPLICATION OF AUTO VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION BY
ROOTING CUTTINGS FOR TREE IMPROVEMENT

A. Mančić, Vasilije Isajev, Milan Mataruga

In work, up to nam, on thee establishment of clonal plantations of forest trees and shrubs, in our country as well as in the world, the production of plants was carried out by heterovegetative reproduction i.e. grafting. This method of cloning is subject to a number of technical and financial difficulties, whild represents a limiting factor in respect to the amount of production. Overcoming this problem is possible through a much wider application of autovegetative reproduction - rooting of cuttings. Using this method, we could achieve a level of reproduction similar to that achieved by seed sowing. Results obtained so far, on rooting cuttings from some more important forest tree species, justifies the application of this method, of reproduction. In this paper our efforts concerning the autovegetat ve reproduction of oak (Quercus petreae), chestnut (Castanea sativa) and trembling aspen (Populus tremula) over a number of years will be presented.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE SUCCESSFUL INTRODUCTION AND VARIABILITY OF POPULATIONS OF PILAUS WALLICHIANA, A.B. JACKS, IN BELGRADE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

Biljana Nikolić

The success of the introduction of this species in our conditions has been estimated by the investigation of three small populations which have reached the phase of physiological maturity and seed production. A high level of the variability in height, stem diameter, phenophase and abundance of production of strobilii pollen, cones and seeds between and inside the populations has been established. Results of progeny tests with half-sib families confirmed that small populations of this species may also possess a high level of genetic variety which enables them to adapt to new environments. The genetic gain from these populations would be greater if we selected the best individual trees and used them for intra and interspecific hybridization.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

RESULTS OF BLACK POPLAR (SECTION AIGEIROS) SELECTION FOR

RAPID GROWTH

Saša Orlović Vojislav Guzina, Branislav Kovačević

Compared to forest tree species, black poplars are characterized by the greatest genetic potential regarding biomass production. At the Poplar Research Institute, by hybridization and multiple selection, high-yield varietis are created with the aim of utilizing this potential. This paper gives a summary of the results of testing a series of 13 half-sib and full-sib progenies of black poplars in the second phase of selection (the first phase is during nursery production in the form of directed selection for leaf and bark diseases) for rapid growth and a summary of the results of comparative testing of 12 clones in the final stage of selection. The results point to a marked differentiation of the tested progenies and to the possibility of choosing genotypes with luxiriant growth of 6-year-old trees, which surpass the averages of the progenies and the averages of standard clones in the same experiment. The comparative experiment shows a significant differentiation of the tested clones in all the faxation elements of 9-year-old trees. Research will continue till the end of the planned production cycle.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

SELECТION FACТORS AND RANDOM PROCESSES OF THE FORMATION OF THE POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE IN AFFORESTATION WITH NURSERY SEEDLINGS

Boro B. Pavlović

Forest tree seedlings produced in nurseries have increasingly been used in the afforestation and management of different sites. Thus, an increasingly pronounced factor appens which can affect the genetical structure of natural populations of forest trees which has generally been insufficiently studied for these species. The length of the pre-reproductive stage of the life cycle and therefore the period of generation change, lengthens the period of empirical study of the consequences for natural processes in the newly creeated reproductive units of the species. Intuitively, changes can be exprected which lower the adaptive ability of local populations, disturb the achived level of genetic balance and lead to the disappearance of some components of the gene pool. Consequently, a parallel study of the genetic structure of natural populations of forest trees in necessary, as well as the definition of a model for computer simulations of the processes by which the structure is reproduced or changed, depending on the procedures which are applied in forestry. The approach to this complex problem begins by observing the factors which have random or desired effects on the formation of the genetic structure within the scope of the plantation and in the reproductive units which are created by native and planted trees. The production, collection and purchasing of seeds for the production of seedlings, as well as the high rate of survival in nurseries, even with the persistent application of selection knowledge and regulations in the field of forestry, are characterized by, in addition to the desired effects, random, unwanted, uncertain and chaotic effects on the structure of nursery stock for afforestat ion. The selection of nursery stock from the nursery production range, as well as the factors of planting, further increase the changes of processes which deviate from the natural and desired courses in the population. New insights, changes of regulations and problems of practical application, also participate in the set of analyzed random and selection factors. In addition to the theoretical considerations, the beginning of a model is presented by the example of a simulation of possible states of the variance of a small population, which has been taken as an initial seed orchard and whose individuals have 2n=24, and can have two variants of each homologous chromosome.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

IMPROVEMENT OF COCOON CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME
STRAINS AND HYBRIDS OF SILKWORM

B.P. Pavlović, Biljana Nikolić, Mara Tabaković-Tošić, Branislava Grbović, Dragana Stojčić, Nataša Rasulić, Vera Lavadinović, S. Bojović, R. Marović

The choice of adequate methods for the improvement of silkworm cocoons (Bombyx mori L.) in laboratory conditions for maintaining small breeding group has been investigated. Different criteria of selection in the mixed and inhbred groups and methods of inter-strain hybridization have been used. Using the size and form of the egg mass as a selection criterion results in the fluctuation of the average cocoon size and the quantity of silk in it. In the majority of strains there was a tendeny for cocoon size reduction in the period 1990-1994, and some strains in uniform conditions showed the tendency of cocoon enlargement. The average lenghts of cocoons were mainly small in 1992 and 1993. Cocoon sizes were well maintained in the repeated breading of some hybrid lines during 2-4 generations. Breeding individuals from the egg mass obtained from the parents with more than average cocoon sizes indicates that these parents are heterozygous. In 1994, the criterion of egg mass selection was also the period of egg laying. Also egg masses without diapause were selected. The effects of these and some other criteria of selection have been partially analyzed. The laboratory maintenace of small breding groups decreased the initial fund of 19 strains. The cocoon size variability within strains increased. Simultaneously, a greater number of lines of some strains was foamed, from which hybrid combinations with a favorable cocoon size and a good contribution of silk were obtained.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

INCREMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY-LEAFING AND LATE

LEAFING PEDUNCULATE OAK (Quercus robur)

V. Stamenković, M. Vučković, Z. Simić

The results of research on the increment characteristics of early-leafing (Q. robur van. praecox) and late-leafing (Q. robin van. tardisima) pedunclulate oak have been investigated. Structure and production characteristics of the stands of these varieties have also been considered. The stands were 67 years old. The results are based on two measurements (in 1972 and 1994), namely analyses of the increment in 1) the vegetation period and 2) depending of the age. These analyses were carried out by measurements with tape dendrometers, analysis of mean stand and dominant trees and increment cores. The results show significant differences in growth dynamics and the level of productivity of these pedunculate oak varieties, where late-leaing pedunculate oak has substantially better characteristics.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

SOME MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PILAUS SYLVESTRIS L, VAR ZLITIBORIСA OMAN. AND PINUS SYLVESTRIC AUREA ZLATIBORENSIS TOŠIĆ:

Mihailo Tošić

Mutations of morphological and other features of forest trees increase the genetic variety which is an important source of initial material for the creation of the cultural taxons having the features. Genetic mutations make it possible for new features to be transmitted from parents to posteriy, and somatic mutations can be used by vegetative propagation of mutants with estiticaly valuable features for horiticulture. Some morphological features of Pinus sylvestris L. var. zlatiborica Oman. and Pinus sylvestris L. var. aurea ziatiborensis Tošić are given in this paper. Pinus sylvestris L. var. zaltiborica Oman. the Scots pine tree known as, the „golden pine”, in the village Negbina on the mountain of Zlatibor. The genotype has not been confirmed by the progeny test, but according to morphological features, with agreat probability, it can be supposed that it is the result of somatic mutation and because of that, it seems, it has a complex chimeric structure. Namely, according to the colour of the needles there are three types: green, yellow and yellow green. The yellow needles make up 20%n of the total number of one year old needles and they are on separate branches. The length of two year old needles is almost the same for all colours and varies from 40 - 57 mm. Besides the mostly green needles, the yellow ones also go greeen as they get older. The branches are different, too. Those which carry yellow needles are usually short, separating near the top of the one year growth of the branch. Their colour is yellow to light brown, but the which carry green needles have a dark grey to dark brown colour. The clannel of yellow needles is light broyn but dark-grey for green ones. Pinus sylvestris L. var. aureal zlatihorensis Tošić is a young Scots pine tree about 14 years olf with a golden yellow colour, growing in the village Negbina, too. It is essentially different from the former variety in colour, lenght and number of needles. The colour of all the needles is nearly the same - golden yellow, but they are much shorter and more nuemrous. Their length is from 21 - 32 mm. There are 9 - 11 pairs of needles along a branct while Ps. var. zlatiborica Oman. has 6 - 7 pairs.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

VARIABILITY OF SEEDLING PROPERTIES OF EIGHT SPRUCE PROVENANCES IN THE PILOT PLOT IN THE NURSERY AT IVANJICA

Mirjana Šijačić-Nikolić, Vasilije Isajev, Milan Materuga

A study of the properties of eight selected provenances of spruce - Golija, Zlatar, Čemerno, Radočelo, Kopaonik, Menina, Mašun, and Jelovica - in the early stage, was started in 1989 with experiments near Ivanjica, a laboratory study of seeds and a study of morphometric characters- of 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old seedlings, in the pilot plot in the nursery. The morphometric analysis included the following characters of 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old seedlings: seedling height, total number of needles, length of main axis, number of lateral roots, length of lateral roots, total length of roots, diameter of root collar and the nuber of branches. The free genetic variability of spruce was very high in all eight analyzed provenances, especially at the level of seeds and seedlings. It can be supposed that the effect of natural selection is the lowest in nursery conditions, where the edaphic factors, as well as microclimate, are modified by the technology of nursery production. The free genetic variability of seedlings in the first yeary was greatly lowered by the effectt of natural selection on the survival percentage of the plants from Slovenian provenances, while it was much greater in Serbian provenances. Due to such a reduction of seedlings from Slovenian provenances, the remaining seedlings most probably adapted to the ecological conditions in Serbia. The aim of this reserach was to determine the productivity of individual provenances in the juvenile stage in more or less the same and in different ecological conditions. This reasearch resulted in the first information on the characteristics and variability between and within selected provenances, which are economically significant, because they can aid in the selection of provenances of groups of provenances, suitable for particular sites. These results should be accepted with caution, because they rafer to plants in the juvenile stage, and in further research more complete data will be collected.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

MACROGAMETOGENESIS IN SOME CHERRY AND SOUR CHERRY CULTIVARS

Z. Keserović, Đ. Gvozdenović, M. Milovankić

Investigation of the processes of macrogametogenesis, and the effect of climatic factors on these processes, was conducted in the regions of Srem, on chery (Kassins Fruhe, Sue, Van, Bing) and sour cherry (May Duke, Pandy Meggy, Beutelspaeher Rexelle, Kelleris-16) cultivars. In these cultivars macrogametogenesis followed, from the formation of the macrospore to the formation of the normal or poygonum type embryo sack. This investigation, carried out during the vegetation seasons of 1988, 1989 and 1990, was concerned witht he time, duration, and regularity of the processes that took place in the diploid forms of cherry and the tetraploid forms of sour cherry. The results by the complex study of the time, duration and regularity of macrogametogenesis, showed that the these processes are regulated by an internal mechanism which, in turn, is controlled by the genetic basis of the cultivar studied and environmental factors. The species and cultivars studied differed in the stability of acrogametogenesis. Knowledge of these processes is important for hybridization and a correct choice of cultivars for modern orchards.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

INVESTIGATIONS OF PERSPECTIVE INTERSPECIES HYBRIDS OF GRAPEVINE

L.M. Avramov, M.D. Milutinović, D.T. Nikolić

Besides complex resistance towards disease, pests and inconvenient ecological conditions, the purpose of grape breeding programs is the production of new cultivars with a high yield and grape quality. During the period 1991-1993 in the Fi generation of interspecies crossing from M. hamburg x Villard 108, six hybrid seedlings were selected and examined. Their importantt agrobiological and technological characteristics were determined by standard methods. Obtained results were analyzed using variance analysis with the Dannett test. The gra yield per vine of experimental seedlings showed statistically signilicant diferences and varied from 1.94 to 6.72 kg. However, the experimental seedlings did not express significant differences compared with M. hamburg, as a standard cultivar with a grape yield of 3.84 kg/wine. The bunch mass sugar content and total acids in the gape must, in selected seedlings compared with M. hamburg did not show significant differences. High statistically significant differences of berry mass compared with the standard were found. Considering that experimental hybrids did not differ in most characteristics from M. hamburg, as a standard table cultivar, and were resistant towards disease, some seedlings (19306, 19308 and 19314) can be recommended for recognition. Further breeding work needs to lead to an increase of the berry mass.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

SELECTION OF LARGE FRUIT GENOTYPES FROM THE MIRA
BELLE (PRUNUS CERASIFERA EHRH.) POPULATION

M.D. Milutinović, D.T. Nikolić, M.M. Milutinović

The natural population of Mirabelle (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) is very rich in polymorphic genotypes. Besides the use of Mirabelle seedlings as a rootstock for plum (prune) varieties and other Prunus species, their fruits are very interesting for industry. The purpose of this work was selection of tarpe fruit genotypes (over 10 g) form collection of Mirabelle populations in Bela Crkva. We investigated 54 different genotypes in relation to fruit mass, stone mass, length of fruit, width of fruit and length of fruit stem. The following chemical properties of the fruit were investigated: content of soluble dry matter, total sugars, reductive sugars and total acids. In pomological characteristics the biggest variation existed for the stone mass (Cv = 20,63%) and lowest for the length of fruit (Cv = 7,20%). In chemical characteristics the lowest variation was for soluble dry matter (Cv = 10,67 %), and the biggest for the content of reductive sugars (Cv = 20,19%). Based on these investigations we selected 9 Mirabelle genotypes which have a fruit mass from 10,10 to 13,04 g and content of dry matter from 10,45 to 13,13%.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE STRUCTURE OF THE MEGAGAMETOPHYTE IN DIPLOID AND
TRIPLOID APPLE CULТIVARS

N. Mićić, R. Cerović, Gordan Đurić

In apple breeding, the structure of the megagametophyte is of great importance especially in triploid cultivars, for obtaining a larger number of hybrid progeny and hybrid progeny with a varying chromosome number. Comparative histological analyses of the megagametophyte structure involved some more important, standard and indigenous, diploid (Idared, Gloster, Granny Smith, Budimka and Lepocvetka) and triploid cultivars (Jonagold, Mutsu and Kolačara). The analysis of embryo sacs in diploid cultivars showed a normal structure, typical of these cultivars, with the occurrence of additional embryo sacs. In triploid cultivars, additional embryo sacs were commonly found with a noticeable occurrence of embryo sacs with atrophied elements of the egg apparatus.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

POLLUTION AND FRUIT SETLING IN WALNUTS (Juglans regiu L.)

M. Mitrović

The majority of walnut cultivars grown, in many countries, and in our country, derived from clonal selection from the antural population. However, almost each of them has some major drawbacks. The planned hybridization of walnuts aims to develop new cultivars with combined characterystic by using selected parents. They should be adaptable to climatic conditions, precocious, highly productive, with good quality fruits, and show tolerance to importantt pests and causal agents of diseases. Planned hybridization of walnuts has been conducted at the Fruit and Grape Research Centre in Ć:ačak for many years. The cultivars and sleections with good economic-biological characters in our ecological conditions were used as parents. Šampion and CT-251 were most often used as female parents, whereas Chico, C1-139, G-251, Bačkovski, A-117, 41-9/82 and 32/82 were used as male parents. Preliminary results obtained with pollination and fruit setting show that cv Šampion pollinated with cv Chico gave 62.5% fruits from the number of flowers pollinated, with selection G-251 -53.3%, and with selection A-117 - 50% fruit set. The flowers pollinated with Bačkovski and selection 32/82 gave 60% and 66.7% fruits, respectively. The highest number of fruits was obtained with selection 41-9/82 (83°/0), and the lowest in fruits pollinated with cv Concord (only 33.4%). With selection G-251, the highest number of fruits was obtained for pollination with cv Šampion (60%) and the lowest with cv Bačkovski (37.5%). The walnut cultivars in which teh pollen shedding period coincides with the opening of female flowers (41-9/82) were found to have a higher fruit set compared with cultivars with a later period of pollen shedding (Concord).

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

PLUM HYBRID I/14 CK - AN EXCELLENT DRYINIG PLUM

D. Ogašanović, V. Papić, Radunka Plaznić

Long-term work on plum breeding (started in 1947), conducted at the fruit Research Institute in Čačak (now: Fruit and Grape Research Centre within the Agricultural Research Institute „Serbia”) resulted in a great number of hybirds. The aim of this work was to develop new cultivars for fresh use and for processing, wigth differing ripening times, tolerant to sharka (Plum pox virus). Hybrid No. I/14 CK resulted from a Požegača x California Blue cross made in 1964. It was selected in 1973 and grafted in 1974. It has been under evaluation for 20 years. The tree has above average vigour, width long and sturdy scaffold branches end with a pyramidal and sparce head. The flowering season is midlate, several days after Čačanska Rodan, simultaneosu with Stanley. This self-fertile. Its pollen his a moderate germination ability. Cropping is irregular, but sometimes abundant. Leaves are medium large (70/45.3 mm), varying in shape from oval to rhomboid, pale green. The petiole is short (13.6/1.68 mm), with 1-2 poorly developed glands at the base. The flower is white, medium-sized. The flower bud carries 1.7 flowers. The fruit is medium-sized (36 g), of an irregular-ovate shape. The fruit dimensions are: length - 48.4; witdh - 36.3; thickness - 36,1 mm. The stem cavity is shallow, moderately wide. The suture line is inconspicuous. The skin is medium thick, firm, of a yellowish ground colour, turning first to reddish-purle and then to purle-blue, with a heavy silvery bloom. The flesh is yellow,, firm, juicy, sweet-subacid, of an excellent flavour. The stone is small (0.96 g). The stone dimensions are: length - 21.6; width - 13,7; thickness - 6.7 mm. It separates very easily from the flesh. The stalk is moderately long and thick (15,5/1.3$ mm). It adhers tightly to the fruit and branch. Sharka-affected trees show characteristic leaf symptoms, but the fruits remain unchanged-tolerant. The hybrid is highly suitable for drying. Pruneš are deep amber in colour, of excellent quality

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

CORRELATION BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AND SEED GERMINATION IN THE WILD SWEET CHERRY
(Prunus avium L.)

Vera Rakonjac

The seedlings of wild sweet cherries are most frequently used as rootstock for grafting cultivars of sour and sweet cherries. As one of the big problems is a low germination of seeds and viability of seedlings, correlation between these and somee other morphological characteristics was examined in order to ease the selection of genotypes of sweet-cherry from the natural populationn for the production of rootstocks. In the experiment 18 genotypes were included where the following characteristics were followed: vigour, leaf surface, fruit shape, skin color, ripening date, fruit weight, stone weight, seed germination and seedlings viability. A significant correlation was noticed between seed germination and fruit skin color (rs = 0,418X), seedling viability and fruit skin color (rs = 0,480X), as well as between seedling viability and fruit maturity period (rs = 0,468X). It is avisable that wild sweet cherry reproductive treess for the production of rootctocks have dark colored fruits which mature later.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

BREEDING OF BLACK CURRANT CULTIVARS RESISTNAT TO

LATE SPRING FROSTS

Miloljub Stanisavljević

One of the problems in growing black currants, a small fruit species of exceptional importance, is its early flowering, which carries the risk of flower or fruitlet damage by late spring frosts, resulting in substantial depression or complete loss of yields. To solve this problem, a programme was started in 1982 at the Fruit and Grape Research Centre in Č ačak to develope new black current genotypes which flower later than the existing cultivars, besides other positive characteristics. Over the past period, 16 cultivars and three selected hybrids have been used in planned hybridization with several parental combination. In 1987, the hybrid R/1/IX/87 (of unknown parentage) was sigled out and further evaluated in comparative trials with other cultivars. This hybrid has 1-l0 days later flowering than the stnadard cultivars, and later bearing. It is distinguished by long strigs with many large, good-quality berries, and with excellent yield.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE GENETIC BASIS OF FRUIT ANTHOCYANINS IN APPLE SPECIES, CULTIVARS AND SELECTIONS

Ž. Tešović, Slađana Nidžović, M. Srećković

Red fruit skin in apples is of special interest to growers. There is little infromation in the available literature on qualitative analyses of anthocyanins as the genetic basis of red fruit skin colour. Chromatography and spectrophotometry were employed in this paper to study the anthocyanins in the fruit skin of 92 apple genotypes (45 cultivars, 42 selections, 3 subspecies and 2 species). The number of anthocyanins, depending on the genotype, ranged from 1 to 3. Three anthocyanins were identified in the fruit skin of 63 genotypes (cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside, cyanidin-7-arabinoside); two in 24 genotypes (cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-arahinoside) and one anthocyanin in 5 genotypes (cyanidin-3-galactoside).

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

BREEDING OF SOUR CHERRIES FOR QUALITY AND RESISTANCE
TO RHAGOLETIS CERASI L. AND BLUMERIELLA JAAPII (Rehm.) v.
Arx.

R. Cerović, M. Nikolić, S. Milenković

Sour cherry breeding has been in progress at the Fruit and Grape Research Centre in Čačak for more than thirty years. The major goals are developing cultivars with superior fruit quality, good pomological-technological characteristic (largee and juicy fruits, the desired juice colour, rich in soluble solids and suitable for fresh use, processing and for mechanized hyrvesting), resistance to the economically most important pests and causal agents of diseases. Planned hybridization by selecting parents from the standard sour cherry cultivars commercially grown in our conditions, as well as individual selection of superior individuals, were employed in the work. Selection fot the set objectives was carried out among a heterogenous population of 530 hybrid seedlings, for three consecutive years after coming into bearing. Screening for resistance to cherry fruit fly and leaf blight was done in the conditions of natural infection, with no pesticide applicied. Fifteen promising hybrids have been selected, having the desired pomological-technological characteristics and varying levels of resistnace to cherry fruit fly and leaf blight. Hybrids III/23, IV/36 and XII/57 stnad out among the hybrids in this group. The last two hybrids show marked resistance to Blumwriella jaapii.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

DETERMINATION OF POLLEN VIABILITY AND GERMINABILITY IN APPLE (Malus domestica L.) AND SWEET CHERRY (Prunus avium L.)

R. Cerović, N. Mićić, M. Nikolić, Gordana Đurić

The choice of the appropriate method for the precise deterination of pollen viability in the chosen male parent used in hybridization is of great importance in fruit breeding work. The objective of this paper was to study pollen viability in four apple and four sweet cherry cultivars by using the following in vitro tests: pollen germination on the agar-sucrose medium; staining of pollen with fluorescein-diacetate and its analysis by fluorescence microscopy. For these test, the pollen of apple and sweet cherry cultivars was taken at anthesis. At the same time, a third method, fluorescence microscopy, was employed to analyze pollen germination and pollen tube growth in vivo down the style in individual combinations of pollination. The smaples for the analysis were taken on day 3 following pollination with the chosen cultivars. Pollen tube growth in vivo was found to be the must reliable and efficient method of evaluating pollen viability, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in both fruit species and in all combinations of pollination. Therefore, in terms of its precision and efficiency, this method remains irreplaceable in breeding work, genetic research and in a gene bank. In terms of pollen viability and germinability of pollinator cultivars, a certain degree of positive correlation was assessed between the in vitro and in vivo methods with both fruit species studied.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

THE ESTIMATION OF HERITABILITY OF DAIRY TRAITS OF
BLOCK-WHITE COWS BY THE MIXED MODEL

Radiša Nikolić, Milovan Katić, Radmila Beskorovajni, Nenad Brkić, Petar Stojić, Miroslav Ćirić

The investigation was carried out on the sample of 4 year progeny test records of 54 bullsires (841 daughters on 9 PKB farms). The distribution of bull semen on the farms was random, so the effects of farms were random in the applied model. The average values were: milking time 4.22 min, milk flow 2.68 kg/min, milking intensity 84.10% and under index 45.58%. The coeffcinets of heritability of the investigated traits were 0.102, 0.129, 0.097 and 0.029, respectively. The contribution of the mixed model used was in the better estimation of additive genetic variance, and heritability of dairy traits.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „THE FIRST SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja, November 8-11, 1995

REPEATABILITY OF DAYLY MILK YIELDS DURING LACTATION
IN BLACK-PIED COWS

Petar Stojić, Milovan Katić, Ljubomir Lazarević, Dušan Latinović, Gligorije Trifunović, Radmila Beskorovajni, Nenad Brkić

Coefficinets of repeatability of dayly mild yields during lactation and in standard lactation were investigated by application of 3 fixed and 3 mixed models of least squares. The first 3 lactations of 186 cows with 5581actations, and 5315 dayly milk yields were included. In mixed models the cow was random factor. The average mild yield in standard lactation was 6,397 kg by fixed, and 5, 983 kg by mixed model. The average dayly milk yield varied from 14.7 to 289 kg (fixed model) and from 12.0 to 27.5 kg (mixed model). By both models the highest dayly yields were in second control, and the minimum in nineth control. Repeatability coefficients of mild yields in first three lactations varied from 0.210 to 0.460 (fixed model), and from 0.537 to 0.627 (mixed model). Repeatability coefficients for nine controls of milk yield varied from 0.005 to 0.210 (fixed model), and from 0.192 to 0.399 (mixed model). Determination coefficients suggest that mixed models are better for determination of investigated influences.

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