GENETIKA, Vol. 12, No.1 (1980)
F.J. AYALA and G. CORNEO
ROLE OF SATELLITE DNA SEQUENCES IN SPECIATION [Abstract]
Mary BOWNES
OVARIAN SYNTHESIS OF YOLK PROTEINS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER [Abstract]
J. SILBER
METABOLISM OF VESTIGIAL MUTANTS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.
I. RESISTANCE OF vg FLIES TO INHIBITORS OF NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM [Abstract]
P. HOLMGREN
VARIATION IN HISTONE CHARACTERISTICS AMONG DIFFERENT DROSOPHILA CHROMATIN TYPES [Abstract]
G. YANNOPOULOS, M. PELECANOS and A. ZACHAROPOULOU
COMBINED ACTION OF DIETHYL SULPHATE (DBS) AND OF THE MALE RECOMBINATION FACTOR: 31.1 MRF IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER [Abstract]
M.M.ASLANIAN and V.A. SMIRNOVA
CHEMICALLY INDUCED UNSTABLE REPLICATING MUTATIONS [Abstract]
P. GIRARD
DISTORTION OF MENDELIAN SEGREGATION IN ENZYMATIC POLYMORPHISM OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER [Abstract]
G. TRIPPA, A. LOVERRE and R. CICCHETTI
STUDIES ON THE SEGREGATION DISTORTION (SD) PHENOMENON IN ITALIAN WILD POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER [Abstract]
G. ALVAREZ, C. ZAPATA and A. FONTDEVILA
MODIFIER VARIABILITY IN A NATURAL POPULATION OF DROSOPHILA SUBOBSCURA [Abstract]
D. SPERLICH, W. PINSKER and P. PFRIEM
INVERSION, ALLOZYME AND LETHAL FREQUENCIES IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA SUBOBSCURA [Abstract]
G.PERIQUET
TWO LOCUS SYSTEMS IN EVOLUTION: SELECTION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AT THE WHITE - APRICOT AND THE SUPPRESSOR OF WHITE -APRICOT LOCI [Abstract]
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 12, No.1 (1980), pp. 1-12
© 1980 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.852.113
Original scientific paper
ROLE OF SATELLITE DNA SEQUENCES IN SPECIATION
F.J. AYALA and G. CORNEO
Department of Genetics, University of California Davis, California 95616, USA
and Centra di Patologia Moleculare, Via Pace 15,20122 Milano, Italy
Abstract
Ayala, F.J. and Corneo, G. (1980): Role of satellite DNA sequences in speciation. - Genetika, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1-12.
It has been proposed that satellite DNA plays a role in speciation by hindering the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis in interspecific hybrids; the present paper reports the results of experimental tests of this hypothesis. Several stages of increasing evolutionary divergence can be identified in species of the Drosophila willistoni group. We have compared the satellite DNAs between: (1) local populations, which produce normal and fertile hybrids; (2) subspecies, which produce sterile male hybrids but exhibit no sexual isolation; (3) semispecies, which produce sterile male hybrids and exhibit substantial sexual isolation; and (4) sibling species, which are reproductively fully isolated. The hypothesis predicts that the satellite DNAs of different subspecies and semispecies (and, of course, of different species) will be considerably more divergent than those of different local populations of the same subspecies or semispecies. The observations are inconsistent with such prediction: populations belonging to different subspecies or semispecies have in some cases satellite DNAs more similar than those of populations from different subspecies or semispecies.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 12, No.1 (1980), pp. 13-20
© 1980 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.852.112
Original scientific paper
OVARIAN SYNTHESIS OF YOLK PROTEINS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Mary BOWNES
Department of Molecular Biology, King's Buildings Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, Scotland
Abstract
Bownes, M. (1980): Ovarian synthesis of yolk proteins in Drosophila melanogaster. - Genetika, Vol. 12, No. 1, 13-20.
Previous studies have indicated that the ovaries of Drosophila melanogaster may be a second site of yolk protein synthesis in the adult female. Since the fat body is a well-established site of yolk synthesis in all insects the fat body attached to the ovaries in all the previous experiments could perhaps have been the source of these proteins. In this paper, we describe results of ovary transplants from female larvae into both D. melanogaster and D. pseudodoscura male larvae indicating an ovarian yolk synthesis in the emerging adults. Egg chambers have been dissected free of mesoderm and fat body and culture in vitro and are capable of synthesising yolk. These results indicate that either the nurse cells, the oocyte itself or the follicle cells are capable of synthesising yolk proteins in D. melanogaster.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 12, No.1 (1980), pp. 21-29
© 1980 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.224.2
Original scientific paper
METABOLISM OF VESTIGIAL MUTANTS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.
I. RESISTANCE OF vg FLIES TO INHIBITORS OF NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
J. SILBER
Laboratoire de Genetique des Populations, University Paris VII, Tour 42, 5° Stage, 2, Place Jussieu, 75221.Paris Cedex-05, France.
Abstract
Silber, J. (1980): Metabolism of vestigial mutants in Drasophila melanogaster. I. Resistance of vg flies to inhibitors of nudeotide metabolism. - Genetika, Vol. 12, No. 1, 21-29.
A link between the phenotypical effect of aminopterin on wild type strains and the vestigial locus in Drosophila melanogaster has been demonstrated. Several inhibitors of nucleotide metabolism (azaserine, 6-azauridne, FUdR and aminopterin) were tested on wild type and mutant strains. Resistance of vestigial mutants to aminopterin and FUdR was observed. A possible alteration of dihydrofolate reductase or thymidylate synthetase is postulated.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 12, No.1 (1980), pp. 31-39
© 1980 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.852: 577.112.823
Original scientific paper
VARIATION IN HISTONE CHARACTERISTICS AMONG DIFFERENT DROSOPHILA CHROMATIN TYPES
P. HOLMGREN
Department of Genetics, University of Umea, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden
Abstract
Holmgren, P. (1980): Variation in histone characteristics among different Drosophila chromatin types. - Genetika, Vol. 12, No. 1, 31-39.
Histone patterns have been studied in various Drosophila chromatins, mostly from D. melanogaster, which differ in structure and biochemical activities. Quantitative variation in the main types of histone was observed only for the very lysine-rich histone, H1. The relative content of H1 was found to increase with the age of the embryo and in connection with polytenization. These changes were accompanied by characteristic alterations in the relative proportions of the H1 sub fractions. Only the electrophoretically slower of the two H1 subfractions of D. melanogaster was found to be phosphorylated. The quantitative and qualitative variation observed in HI can be related to differences in chromatin structure and/or general genetic activity among the tissues studied. In the Drosophila species examined histone H2A comprises two electrophoretic subfractions which show insignificant variation in relative ratio among most of the tissues. A conspicuous exception to this is the polytene salivary gland chromatin, in which the proportion of the electrophoretically slower subtraction (postsynthetically phosphorylated) is reduced to below 20% in late third instar larvae compared to about 50% in other tissues studied. The decrease in phosphorylated H2A seems to parallel the simultaneous reduction in the heterochromatin/euchromatin ratio due to the unequal replication of the two chromatin types.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 12, No.1 (1980), pp. 41-48
© 1980 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.224.46.044
Original scientific paper
COMBINED ACTION OF DIETHYL SULPHATE (DBS) AND OF THE MALE RECOMBINATION FACTOR: 31.1 MRF IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
G. YANNOPOULOS, M. PELECANOS and A. ZACHAROPOULOU
Department of Genetics, University of Patras Patras, Greece
Abstract
Yannopoulos, G., Pelecanos, M. and Zacharopoulou, A. (1980): Combined action of diethyl sulphate (DES) and of the male recombination factor: 31.1 MRF in Drosophila melanogaster. - Genetika, Vol. 12, No. 1, 41-48.
The present investigation constitutes both, an extension of our previous work and a new approach for explaining better the mechanisms through which the male recombination factor 31.1 MRF induces crossing-over. A monofunctional alkylating agent, diethyl sulphate (DES), which was shown to induce cross-overs in Drosophila melanogaster males, was used together with 31.1 MRF in order to detect any combined effect of the two cross-over inducers. Two methods were used to treat Drosophila males with DES: The adult and the larval feeding method. Our data provide clear evidence that DES affects the male recombination ability of 31.1 MRF but in a different way according to the germ cell stages affected; thus, while DES seems to be antagonistic for the meiotic and the post-meiotic stages of spermatogenesis, it shows a synergistic effect in the premeiotic stages. This apparent discrepancy is discussed.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 12, No.1 (1980), pp. 49-55
© 1980 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.224.46.044
Original scientific paper
CHEMICALLY INDUCED UNSTABLE REPLICATING MUTATIONS
M.M.ASLANIAN and V.A. SMIRNOVA
Department of Selection and Genetics, Moscow State University, Moscow, USSR
Abstract
Aslanian, M.M. and Smirnova, V.A. (1980): Chemically induced unstable replicating mutations. - Genetika, Vol. 12, No. 1, 49-55.
Two types of unstable visible mutations induced by ethylnitro-sourea, ethylmethane-sulphonate and 1,4-bis-diazoacetylbutane were detected and studied. In the offspring of some individuals stabilization of either normal or mutant state of the gene was observed, while in the other cases segregation in the offspring was observed during many generations. Instability of the mutant or normal state of the gene was observed during 18 generations. In cases of replicating instability mutations newly emerging in the offspring of a single male were allelic and were located either in a single site or different sites of the gene, hi the other cases mutations of different genes emerged in the offspring of a single male. Substitution of autosomes in unstable lines was followed by stabilization of either the normal or mutant phenotype in two cases of replicating instability.
This effect might be due to the presence of mutator genes in autosomes. Investigation of the mutagenic action of 1,4-bis-diazoacetyl-butane is perspective in solving mutation process problems as this mutagen has a specific action. Our experiments demonstrated no toxic action of this mutagen on Drosophila and no dominant lethal mutations. It was shown that this mutagen has prolonged action, high morphogenic action and induces sex-linked recessive lethal mutations and visible mutations of narrow spectrum.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 12, No.1 (1980), pp. 57-59
© 1980 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.222
Original scientific paper
DISTORTION OF MENDELIAN SEGREGATION IN ENZYMATIC POLYMORPHISM OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
P. GIRARD
Laboratoire de G6n6tique des Populations, Tour 42-32,4éme étage, 2place, Jussieu, 75005 Fans, France
Abstract
Girard, P. (1980): Distortion of Mendelian segregation in enzymatic polymorphism of Drosophila melanogaster. - Genetika, Vol. 12, No. 1, 57-59.
The Ft of many pairs of Drosophila melanogaster marked for different polymorphic loci have been analysed for:
(1) Possible distortion to Mendelian proportions.
(2) Constancy of the different genotype proportions depending on hatching time.
The results were as follows:
(1) Many segregations differed from Mendelian proportions; when there was a distortion it was never against heterozygote which were often at an advantage.
(2) Genotype proportions changed with developmental length; they were not influenced by maternal age.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 12, No.1 (1980), pp. 71-80
© 1980 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.222
Original scientific paper
STUDIES ON THE SEGREGATION DISTORTION (SD) PHENOMENON IN ITALIAN WILD POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
G. TRIPPA, A. LOVERRE and R. CICCHETTI
Istituto di Genetica, Facolta di Scienze, Citta Universitaria, 00185 Roma (Italia)
Abstract
Trippa, G., Loverre, A. and Cicchetti, R. (1980): Studies on the segregation distortion (SD) phenomenon in Italian wild populations of Drosophila melanogaster. - Genetika, Vol. 12, No. 1, 71-80.
The segregation distortion (SD) phenomenon in Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most extensively studied examples of non-Mendelian segregation in animals. However, the problem of its presence and maintenance at polymorphic frequencies has so far been studied at population level only from a theoretical point of view.
Data from a study on the frequency of SD chromosomes, second chromosomes sensitive to Sd and factors modifying the action of Sd localized on the third chromosome are reported for a series oft natural Italian populations of Drosophila melanogasterr.
Our results, compared with those obtained in American and Japanese natural and laboratory populations, suggest that each population seems to be characterized by different frequencies of the various genetic components of the SD system. Moreover, each has a genetic structure which is the result of similar but not identical modes of action.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 12, No.1 (1980), pp. 81-89
© 1980 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.113.39: 17
Original scientific paper
MODIFIER VARIABILITY IN A NATURAL POPULATION OF DROSOPHILA SUBOBSCURA
G. ALVAREZ, C. ZAPATA and A. FONTDEVILA
Departamento de Genética Facultad de Biología Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Spain
Abstract
Alvarez, G., Zapata, C. and Fontdevila, A. (1980): Modifier variability in a natural population of Drosophila subobscura. - Genetika, Vol. 12, No. 1, 81-89.
Experimental evidence of the existence of modifier genes of the dominant morphological mutant Bare (Ba) in a natural population of Drosophila subobscura, in presented. The effect of these genes is to modify the expression of the Ba gene, in Ba/+ heterozygotes, towards the wild-type phenotype. It is also demonstrated that these modifiers are located on chromosome 0 of this species. Moreover, a large variability in modifier effect among chromosomes 0 of the natural population studied, is detected. The evolutionary meaning of the modifiers is discussed in connection with dominance evolution, canalization and structural genetic variability in natural populations.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 12, No.1 (1980), pp. 91-101
© 1980 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.224.232.4
Original scientific paper
INVERSION, ALLOZYME AND LETHAL FREQUENCIES IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA SUBOBSCURA
D. SPERLICH, W. PINSKER and P. PFRIEM
Universität Tübingen, Institut Biologic II, Lehrstuhl für Populationsgentik, Bundesrepublik Deutschaland
Abstract
Sperlich, D., Pinsker, W. and Pfriem, P. (1980): Inversion, allozyme and lethal frequencies in natural populations of Drosophila subobscura. - Genetika Vol. 12, No. 1, 91-101.
Inversion polymorphism, allozyme polymorphism and polymorphism for viability determining genes have been studied in seven populations of Drosophila subobscura. Clinal variation was found along a north-south gradient for the frequencies of gene arrangements as well as for allele frequencies in enzyme loci. Differences were also observed between central and marginal populations with respect to average viabilities, lethal frequencies and average chromosomal heterozygosity. Interactions between the different genetic traits could be detected in the non-random associations of inversions with alleles of enzyme loci. An attempt was made to construct a model for the origin of such associations which fitted the experimental data.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 12, No.1 (1980), pp. 103-110
© 1980 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.827
Original scientific paper
TWO LOCUS SYSTEMS IN EVOLUTION: SELECTION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AT THE WHITE - APRICOT AND THE SUPPRESSOR OF WHITE -APRICOT LOCI
G.PERIQUET
Laboratoire de Génétique des Populations, Tour 42-32,4e étage, Université Paris 7, 2 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
Abstract
Periquet, G. (1980): Two locus systems in evolution: selection in Drosophila melanogaster at the white-apricot and the suppressor of white-apricot loci. - Genetika, Vol. 12, No. 1, 103-110.
In an effort to test hypotheses and models regarding the role of fitness interaction in evolution, the outcome of Drosophila melanogaster populations that are polymorphic for two X-linked loci known for physiological interaction was studied. In experimental evolutions involving polymorphism at the w locus alone, the wα allele is quickly eliminated. On the contrary, when polymorphism only occurs at the su{wα) locus, but in a homozygous wα genome, populations evolve quickly to a stable polymorphic equilibrium where the su(wα) allelic frequencies are around 0.5 both in males and females. When polymorphism occurs at both loci, the wα gene and the su (wα gene are always present in association after over 70 generations, but it is difficult to know whether this is a stable polymorphism or a transient one. Simulation fits the data observed in monomorphic populations well and allows estimation of marginal fitnesses in a two-locus X-linked model. Moreover, simulation runs carried out with a multiplicative nonepistasis model show a lack of fit in populations that are polymorphic at both loci. These results suggest that the physiological action of suppression can be translated into fitness interactions and that the maintenance of polymorphism at suppressor of mutation loci would participate in the maintenance of genetic polymorphism by a dynamic system of epistatic interaction.