GENETIKA, Vol. 13, No.2 (1981)
D.E. ALEXANDER
MAIZE BREEDING AND GENETIC ENGINEERING: A PERSPECTIVE [Abstract]
S. BOROJEVIĆ
GENETICS AND BREEDING IN FOOD PRODUCTION [Abstract]
H.B. KRIEBEL
MATERNAL CONTROL OVER PREMATURE CONE ABSCISSION OF PINES [Abstract]
F.J. AYALA
GENETIC VARIATION IN NATURAL POPULATIONS: FROM ELECTROPHORESIS TO DNA SEQUENCING [Abstract]
V.M. ZAKHAROV
FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY AS AN INDEX OF DEVELOPMENTAL HOMEOSTASIS [Abstract]
Milka ŠOPOVA
THE OCCURRENCE OF AUTOSYNDETIC ASSOCIATION IN THE TRIPLOID ALLIUM CARINATUM L. [Abstract]
I. MIHALJEV and Marija KRALJEVIĆ-BALALIĆ
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS IN WHEAT [Abstract]
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 13, No.3 (1981), pp. 189-196
© 1981 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 631.527: 575.852
Original scientific paper
MAIZE BREEDING AND GENETIC ENGINEERING: A PERSPECTIVE
D.E. ALEXANDER
University of Illinois, Department of Agronomy Urbana, IL. 61801, U.S.A.
Abstract
Alexander, E.D. (1981): Maize breeding and genetic engineering: A perspective. - Genetika, Vol. 13, No. 3, 189-196.
Yield of maize in Illinois has increased from ca. 1.5 to more than 7.5 metric tons per hectare in 45 years. More than 2/3 of the increase can be attributed to genetic improvement. Similar gains in agronomic quality have been encountered at the same time. Genetic evidence strongly supports the idea that performance will continue to improve at a similar or greater rate.
Genetic engineering, in all of its many facets, is in its infancy. But even in its youthfulness, great optimism exists, particularly among its scientists. But problems exist in application of the new findings.
A definition of the problems of applying the new science to corn breeding, and a consideration of some of the more promising opportunities will be undertaken.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 13, No.3 (1981), pp. 197-214
© 1981 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.1 : 631.52
Original scientific paper
GENETICS AND BREEDING IN FOOD PRODUCTION
S. BOROJEVIĆ
Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet 21000 Novi Sad, Jugoslavija
Abstract
Borojević, S. (1981): Genetics and breeding in food production. - Genetika, Vol. 13, No. 3, 197-214.
The major contribution of genetics and breeding to food production is the development of new plant cultivars, animal races, and microorganisms. Successful results are achieved by a deliberate hybridization of genetically different varieties leading to a desired recombination of genes, i.e., characters. The heterotic effect is utilized in more and more crops thanks to genetic studies of male sterility, fertility restoration, etc.
Genetics has made a special contribution in the field of chromosome engineering - production of autotetraploids, alotetraploids, triploids, etc. - which have further increased genetic potentials for yield or brought about qualitative changes in certain characters. Methods of producing haploids in vitro and in vivo are especially prospective in horticulture and forestry, for a quick production of homozygous lines.
Methods of protoplast fusion enable the recombination of genes from very distant species and genera. Examples of gene manipulation indicate that man has started for the first time to effect certain genetic changes.
The potential productivity of agricultural crops is 67,000 kg/ha of total dry matter or 37,500 kg/ha of grain. The record yields obtained so far have hardly reached a half of the actual potentials. Genetic potentials for yield could be increased further by accomplishing changes in the harvest index, but at a higher level of total biomass, and changes in photosynthetic efficiency by achieving genetic resistance to pathogenic organisms and by increasing the sink capacity.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 13, No.3 (1981), pp. 215-222
© 1981 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.118.52
Original scientific paper
MATERNAL CONTROL OVER PREMATURE CONE ABSCISSION OF PINES
H.B. KRIEBEL
Department of Forestry, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center and the Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
Abstract
Kriebel, H. B, (1981): Maternal control over premature cone abscission of pines. Genetika, Vol. 13, No. 3, 215-222.
Maternal control over cone abscission in pines is strong and paternal control is nonsignificant when both parents are of the same species. However, trees vary widely in their capacity to retain cones. Maternal control is lost and cones drop if the supply of pollen is too low or nil. Self-pollination does not usually reduce cone set, although exceptions have been reported. In interspecific crosses with a crossable species of the same subgenus, the effect of the male parent is nonsignificant. When the male is a non-crossable species, maternal control is overring in soft pines but there is a male effect in some hard pine combinations which reduces cone set. In crosses between subgenera or between pines and spruces, maternal control is minimal or nil and virtually all cones drop off during the first growing season. Some practical implications for seed orchards are suggested.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 13, No.3 (1981), pp. 223-239
© 1981 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.173
Original scientific paper
GENETIC VARIATION IN NATURAL POPULATIONS: FROM ELECTROPHORESIS TO DNA SEQUENCING
F.J. AYALA
Department of Genetics, University of California Davis, California 9 5616, U.S.A.
Abstract
Ayala^ F. J. (1981): Genetic variation in natural populations: From electrophoresis to DNA sequencing. - Genetika, Vol. 13, No. 3, 223-239.
Electrophoretic studies of protein variation have shown that the average frequency of heterozygous gene loci per individual is about 13% in Drosophila and other invertebrates, and about 6% in vertebrates. A variety of techniques-including sequential electrophoresis, heat denaturation, urea denaturation, and peptide mapping-suggest that standard electrophoresis detects most of the protein variants present in natural populations. Peptide mapping appears to be the most effective of these techniques for detecting electrophoretically cryptic variation. When genetic variation is considered at the level of the nucleotide sequence in the DNA, recent results indicate that, at least if then encoding regions of genes are taken into account, every outbred diploid individual may be heterozygous at every gene locus.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 13, No.3 (1981), pp. 241-256
© 1981 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.175
Original scientific paper
FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY AS AN INDEX OF DEVELOPMENTAL HOMEOSTASIS
V.M. ZAKHAROV
Institute of Developmental Biology, USSR Academy of Sciences 117334 Moskow, USSR
Abstract
Zakharov, V.M. (1981): Fluctuating asymmetry as an index of developmental homeostasis. - Genetika, Vol. 13, No. 3, 241-256.
In phenogenetic studies in Drosophila it has been shown that fluctuating asymmetry is due to chance variability of development and it was supposed that there is a connection between fluctuating asymmetry and developmental stability.
Analysis of the fluctuating asymmetry of different bilateral structures in natural populations of different animal species (insects, fishes, reptiles) showed that the level of asymmetry differed between closely related species of the same genus, between population groups and even between individual populations.
A certain level of fluctuating asymmetry was kept up in natural populations under certain environmental conditions. A sharp increase of the level of asymmetry was observed in cases of gene balance disturbance and in cases of influence of the environmental conditions beyond the range usual for a population under study.
Thus the evidence provided by phenogenetics and population studies demonstrates that fluctuating asymmetry can be characterized as one of the few accessible indexes of developmental homeostasis which are convenient for analysis.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 13, No.3 (1981), pp. 257-263
© 1981 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.224.232
Original scientific paper
THE OCCURRENCE OF AUTOSYNDETIC ASSOCIATION IN THE TRIPLOID ALLIUM CARINATUM L.
Milka ŠOPOVA
Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology 91000 Skopje, Yugoslavia
Abstract
Sopova, M. (1981): The occurrence of autosyndetic association in the triploid Allium carinatum L. - Genetika, Vol. 13, No. 3, 257-263.
In two out of 20 plants of the presumed autotriploid Allium carinatum collected from a population on Ljuboten mountain at Bre-zovit/a, mainly bivalents were observed at the first meiotic division. All other plants from this and other populations regularly formed from 1 -7 trivalents. The occurrence of extensive bivalent pairing in a triploid implies some form of autosyndetic association. While such internal homology probably reflects a structural changes within the complement, it is not clear whether these changes were present at the inception of the triploid state or whether they arosa after that time. When the plants with autosyndesis were grown in cultivation over a three year period a marked decline was observed in the number of bivalents formed. This implies that the basis for autosyndetic pairing can be modified by environmental influences.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 13, No.3 (1981), pp. 265-280
© 1981 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 631.523.4
Original scientific paper
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS IN WHEAT
I. MIHALJEV and Marija KRALJEVIĆ-BALALIĆ
Poljoprivredni fakultet, Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, 21000 Novi Sad, Jugoslavija
Abstract
Mihaljev, I. and Kraljević-Balalić, M. (1981): Genetic analysis of quantitative characters in wheat. Genetika, Vol. 13,No. 3, 265-280.
Diallel crosses of three wheat genotypes (Sava, Bezostaia-1, and Siete Cerros) were examined for plant height, spike length, number of spike lets per spike, and number and weight of grains per spike in the F1 generation. The experiment lasted for three years.
The parents and their F1 hybrids varied in the examined characters depending on the year in which they were grown. The mode of inheritance of certain quantitative characters in the F1 depended on the combination of crossing and the year of growing. GCA and SCA varied depending on the character examined and the year of growing.