GENETIKA, Vol

GENETIKA, Vol. 15, No.3 (1983)

W. ERSKINE and G.C. HAWTIN

PRE-BREEDING IN FABA BEANS AND LENTILS [Abstract]

D. ŠKORIĆ

F.A.O. PROGRAMME ON THE USE OF WILD SUNFLOWER SPECIES IN BREEDING [Abstract]

L. ĆUK

HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN WILD HELIANTHUS SPECIES AND THE CULTIVATED SUNFLOWER [Abstract]

Dragica KRALJ and F. SUŠNIK

GERMPLASM TRANSFER IN HOPS [Abstract]

W.A. BRANDENBURG

TAXONOMY OF CULTIVATED PLANTS WITH REGARD TO BREEDING VALUE OF THE ACCESSIONS [Abstract]

P. CRISP

PRE-BREEDING OF CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES [Abstract]

Q.P. van der MEER

WIDE CROSSES IN ALLIUM [Abstract]

P.D. MIŠIĆ

GENE BANKS AND PRESELECTION IN FRUIT PLANTS [Abstract]

M. VIDAKOVIĆ and Sibila JELASKA

PRESERVATION OF THE GENE POOL OF FOREST TREE SPECIES [Abstract]

M.D. HAYWARD

GERMPLASM TRANSFER IN LOLIUM [Abstract]

B.F. TYLER and M. BORRILL

THE USE OF WILD SPECIES IN FORAGE GRASS BREEDING [Abstract]

U. SIMON

LIMITATIONS TO WIDE CROSSES IN CLOVER AND LUCERNE BREEDING [Abstract]

J.A. ARONSON and M. FORTI

THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW CROPS FOR ARID AND SEMIARID LANDS [Abstract]

Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.3 (1983), pp. 287-294

Serbia

UDC 575.222.72

Original scientific paper

PRE-BREEDING IN FABA BEANS AND LENTILS

W. ERSKINE and G.C. HAWTIN

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O., Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria

Abstract

Erskine, W. and Hawtin, G.C. (1983): Pre-breeding in faba beans and lentils. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 3, 287-294.

Faba beans and lentils are both ancient but under-exploited crops, in which the variability of the cultivated species is still inadequately explored. .

In Vicia faba attempts to cross with other View, species are continuing. Lens culinaris is now considered con-specific with the wild L. nigricans and L. orientalis, but these wild lentil species are so little collected and studied that their potential to the cultivated species is unknown.

Faba beans are a partially autogamous species and natural out-crossing under field conditions is normally in the range of 20-50%. Germplasm collected in the field is often highly heterozygous, and out-crossing should be controlled during the increase of collections to ensure that the identity of individual accessions is maintained. A collection of pure lines has been developed at ICARDA through selfing individual plants within accessions. The method is described and preliminary results suggest that this approach is valuable in enabling breeders to identify desirable characteristics, eg. disease resistance, which may be 'buried' in the original accessions.

In the cultivated lentil the problems of adaptation associated with the introduction of germplasm to expand the genetic base of the crop in the Indian subcontinent are highlighted. It is suggested that historically a daylength bottle-neck has prevented the spread of wide genetic diversity into the sub-continent. Attempts to break the bottle-neck both by the introduction of accessions from similar short-day environments and by hybridization are described.

Return to content

Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.3 (1983), pp. 295-306

Serbia

UDC 575.222.72

Original scientific paper

F.A.O. PROGRAMME ON THE USE OF WILD SUNFLOWER SPECIES IN BREEDING

D. ŠKORIĆ

Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops 21000 Novi Sad, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Skoric, D. (1983): F.A.O. Programme on the use of wild sunflower species in breeding. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 3, 295-306.

The numerous wild species within the genus Helianthus offer great perspectives in sunflower breeding. However, they have been insufficiently utilized. To preserve and use these wild species, an FAO programme was established several years ago. Researchers from Bulgaria, France, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Romania, USA, Spain and Yugoslavia participate in it. They work jointly on the following themes:

(1) Determination of morphological and botanical characters in order to complete basic data on wild sunflower species. (2) Determination of important agronomic characters aimed at increases in the genetic variability of breeding materials. (3) Tests of wild species to discover sources of genetic resistance to diseases and insects. (4) Determination of the degree of self—fertility in wild sunflowers. (5) Assessment of possibilities of interspecific hybridization between wild species. (6) Assessment of possibilities of interspecific hybridization between wild and domesticated sunflower species. (7) Determination of new sources of male sterility and restorer genes in wild sunflower species. (8) Use of wild sunflowers in breeding for increased oil and protein yield and improved quality. (9) Determination of marker genes in wild sunflower. (10) Use of wild sunflowers in breeding for drought resistance. (11) Finding suitable methods of crossing domesticated and wild sunflower (tissue culutre, embryo culture, etc.), in cases in which conventional methods are not applicable. (1,2) Cytogenetic studies of wild sunflower species.

Considerable progress has been made in all of the tasks listed above.

Return to content

Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.3 (1983), pp. 307-311

Serbia

UDC 575.222.72

Original scientific paper

HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN WILD HELIANTHUS SPECIES AND THE CULTIVATED SUNFLOWER

L. ĆUK

Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops 21000 Novi Sad, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Ćuk, L. (1983): Hybridization between wild Helianthus species and the cultivated sunflower. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 3, 307-311.

The narrow genetic variability of the cultivated sunflower is the basic reason for introducing wild species in breeding. Wild sunflowers are an abundant source of genes for resistance to different pathogens.

The genus Helianthus has 49 species (Heiser et al, 1969). The usual chromosome number is n=17, although there are species with n = 34 and n = 51 chromosomes. There exists a large variability both among and within the different species.

The use of wild species in sunflower breeding depends on the possibility of crossing them with domesticated sunflower and of producing fertile progenies. Hybrids have been obtained with H. annuus, H. argophyllus, H. anomalus, H. petiolaris, H. neglectus, H. debilis, H. praecox, H. exilis, H, bolanderi, H. niveus, H. peradoxus, H. tuberosus, H. rigidus, H. resinosus, H. maximiliani, H. strumosus, H, decapetalus, H. giganteus, H. grosseserratus, H. hirsutus and H. mollis.

Genes for resitance to different diseases, cytoplasmic male sterility, and genes for fertility restoration of sterile cytoplasm have already been incorporated into commercial lines and hybrids of sunflower.

Return to content

Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.3 (1983), pp. 313-323

Serbia

UDC 575.222.72

Original scientific paper

GERMPLASM TRANSFER IN HOPS

Dragica KRALJ and F. SUŠNIK

Institute for Hop and Brewery Research and

University Institute of Biology, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty 61000 Ljubljana, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Kralj, D. and Sušnik, F. (1983): Germplosm transfer in hops. -Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 3, 313-323.

To prevent confusion regarding the taxonomy of Humulus lupulus L., the botanical classification of Small (1978): is accepted. Crosses between the American and European type of hop are discussed. The hybrid Brewers Gold is descended as a new category in the species Humulus lupulus. Aurora, which is the result of several backcrosses of Brewers Gold with the European hop, combines the positive properties of the American and English germplasm and those obtained from transgressive segregations.

Return to content

Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.3 (1983), pp. 325-335

Serbia

UDC 575.222

Original scientific paper

TAXONOMY OF CULTIVATED PLANTS WITH REGARD TO BREEDING VALUE OF THE ACCESSIONS

W.A. BRANDENBURG

Department of Taxonomy of Cultivated Plants & Weeds, Agricultural University, Haagsteeg 3, 6708 PM Wageningen, The Netherlands

Abstract

Brandenburg, A.W. (1983): Taxonomy of cultivated plants with regard to breeding value of thee accessions. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 3, 325-335.

Through pre-breeding, plant genetic resources will be more easily utilized as initial material in breeding programmes. The degree of success, however, largely depends on the breeding value of accessions to be used in pre-breeding.

Because breeding value implicitly refers to accessions as systematic entities, the nature of accessions in the taxonomic sense needs to be carefully examined.

Taxonomic information is of great importance in determining breeding value in accessions. Thereby, several aspects must be taken into account:

- biosystematic relationships between cultivated plants and their wild or weedy allies;

- the reproductive system of cultivated plants versus that of their wild or weedy allies;

- the existence of competing taxonomic classification systems for cultivated plants; understanding of underlying ideas;

- the identity of accessions in Genetic Resources Collections (GRC) after reproduction.

The consequences of these points with special regard to infraspecific classification will be surveyed.

Return to content

Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.3 (1983), pp. 337-353

Serbia

UDC 575.222.72.73

Original scientific paper

PRE-BREEDING OF CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES

P. CRISP

National Vegetable Research Station, Wellesbourne Warwick CVS 5 9EF, UK

Abstract

Crisp, P. (1983): Pre-breeding of cruciferous vegetables, - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 3, 337-353.

The importance of recovering a good crop type inhibits prebreeding to a greater extent in vegetables than in other brassica crops. Although there are several examples of interspecific and wide intraspecific crosses, these have rarely led to successful cultivars. Nevertheless, there are nuclear and cytoplasmic factors which could, with benefit, be transferred between distantly related genotypes. Further prebreeding may be encouraged by recent developments including rapid cycling generations, genomic bridges, matromorphy, artificial allopolyploids, protoplast fusion, and better understanding of the genetics and taxonomy of cytoplasms and nuclear genes.

Return to content

Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.3 (1983), pp. 355-360

Serbia

UDC 575.222.73

Original scientific paper

WIDE CROSSES IN ALLIUM

Q.P. van der MEER

Institute for Horticultural Plant Breeding (IVT), P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands

Abstract

Meer van der, Q.P. (1983): Wide crosses in Allium. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 3, 355-360.

An attempt has been made to make an explorative study of wide crosses in Allium and to give suggestions for a systematic and efficient approach to their realization.

The results to be expected from these wide crosses could, roughly, be expressed as the product of a large probability of many (very) useful characters, occurring in many Allium species, as multiplied by a small probability of species, possessing such characters, being compatible with the species to be improved.

As compatibility seems to be the bottle-neck, preference should be given to wide screening for compatibility, namely with economically important Allium species. For this screening, initially, use should be made of male sterile plants of the last mentioned Allium species.

Coordination and partial realization of such wide screening should be a task of Allium gene banks. Consequently these gene banks should pay much more attention to collection and taxonomical identification of all existing old-world Allium species.

Return to content

Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.3 (1983), pp. 361-368

Serbia

UDC 575.22

Original scientific paper

GENE BANKS AND PRESELECTION IN FRUIT PLANTS

P.D. MIŠIĆ

Fruit and Grape Research Station PKB 11307 Boleč, Beograd, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Misić, P.D. (1983): Genebanks and preselection in fruit plants. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 3, 361-368.

The paper deals with centres of diversity and origin of fruit plants (China, Hindustan, Central Asia, Asia Minor, Mediterranean Region, North America, South America); diversity of the native fruit flora (particularly of sour cherry, Persian walnut and red raspberry) and the fruit gene bank in Yugoslavia; world fruit collections, their maintenance and use; preselection in fruit plants (Malus, Primus, Juglans and Rubus) and the significance of the gene bank and preselection for fruit breeding in the world.

Return to content

Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.3 (1983), pp. 369-375

Serbia

UDC 575.2

Original scientific paper

PRESERVATION OF THE GENE POOL OF FOREST TREE SPECIES

M. VIDAKOVIĆ and Sibila JELASKA

Forestry Faculty, 41000 Zagreb

and Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Zagreb, 41000 Zagreb, Yugoslavia

Abstract

Vidaković, M. and Jaleska S. (1983): Preservation of the gene pool of forest tree species. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 3, 369-375.

With regard to more intensive exploitation of forests on the one hand and the greater need for forests on the other hand, it is becoming ever more necessary to preserve a gene pool of particular tree species for silvi cultural and genetic purposes.

Methods of gene pool preservation of particular species are adapted to their biological characteristics, natural distribution, the magnitude of the treat against them, silvicultural methods, intensity of exploitation, economical importance and their importance in nature conservation. The gene pool of natural forests can be preserved both by maintaining living trees in nature reserves or in special plantations, and also in the form of seed or pollen and by in vitro culture. Arboreta, living archives, nature reserves, seed stands, seed orchards, provenance and progeny tests as well clonal tests are mostly used for preservation of gene pools of forest tree species.

Methods of preserving vegetative germplasm are in some cases expensive and uncertain due to the possibility of losses caused by diseases and other environmental factors. At the present time some of these factors can be avoided using techniques of culture in vitro, especially if these techniques are already being used for quick multiplication of vegetables such as potatoes. The relative genetic stability of meristem cultures in vitro was established, and therefore meristems and vegetative tips are in general favourable for long term preservation.

In the improvement programme on Pinus nigra parallel work on germplasm preservation is being carried out. At present living archives are in preparation for these purposes and provenance and progeny tests are also in use. In studies on interspecific hybridization between Pinus nigra and P. sylvestris and investigation has been started on the preservation and multiplication of germplasm in vitro of those individual genotypes which possess specific combining ability to cross as well as their F1 hybrids.

Return to content

Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.3 (1983), pp. 377-386

Serbia

UDC 575.222.72

Original scientific paper

GERMPLASM TRANSFER IN LOLIUM

M.D. HAYWARD

Welsh Plant Breeding Station, Aberystwyth Wales, U.K.

Abstract

Hayward, M.D. (1983): Germplasm transfer in Lolium - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 3, 377-386.

The successful production of improved cultivars of the Lolium species depends upon the utilization of the considerable variation to be found in collections of ecotypes, land races and cultivars of the various species. The genetic control of this variation, which is mainly quantitative, is relatively simple and may be related to the breeding system, either outbreeders or inbreeders, and the different life forms, which range from short lived annuals to long lived perennials, which may be found within the genus.

There appear to be no barriers to intraspecific gene transfer between geographic race hybrids but difficulties may be encountered in selecting desired combinations of characteristics due to the low recombination index. Interspecific hybrids may be made between all the putative species but lack of fertility, particularly in hybrids involving outbreeding x inbreeding species may hamper transfer of desirable genes. Hybrids within the outbreeding complex have been successfully exploited as new cultivars or as a means of introducing specific genes.

Return to content

Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.3 (1983), pp. 387-396

Serbia

UDC 575.222.72

Original scientific paper

THE USE OF WILD SPECIES IN FORAGE GRASS BREEDING

B.F. TYLER and M. BORRILL

Welsh Plant Breeding Station, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Wales, UK

Abstract

Tyler, B.F. and Borrill, M. (1983): The use of wild species in forage grass breeding. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 3, 387-396.

The genetic resources of wild species are broadly categorised. Only related wild species and not primitive forms of the cultivated species are considered. The examples of utilization have been classified into two groups: (1) Use of wild species where a specific character has been identified and transferred to a cultivated species. (2) Use of wild species in phyletic and cytogenetic studies of the cultivated species.

Hybrids with the wild species Dactylis marina. - The potential and problems involved in transferring a physiological character from a highly compatible wild species into the cultivated species are discussed.

Hybrids with the wild species Dactylis glomerata subsp. lusitanica. - The techniques employed in the introgression of characters from a diploid wild relative into a tetraploid cultivar are described.

The geographical distribution of the polyploid relatives of cultivated Festuca are given together with a summary of their proposed ancestry. Conclusions made during this work have led to conjecture as to the control of pairing at meiosis.

A programme recently initiated to transfer this control system from polyploid or diploid wild relatives into cultivated autotetraploid Lolium multiflorum is briefly described.

Some of the possibilities, restrictions and value of a free exchange of this type of material is considered. An example is given where such pre-breeding material has been on offer for two years via the WPBS Genetic Resources Unit's seed exchange service.

Return to content

Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.3 (1983), pp. 397-408

Serbia

UDC 575.222

Original scientific paper

LIMITATIONS TO WIDE CROSSES IN CLOVER AND LUCERNE BREEDING

U. SIMON

Lehrstuhl fur Grunland und Futterbau der TU Munchen D-8050 Freising-Weihenstephan, FR Germany

Abstract

Simon, U. (1983): Limitations to wide crosses in clover and lucerne breeding. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 3, 397-408.

Among the limitations to wide crosses between species of forage legumes are divergent chromosome numbers and ploidy levels or generally the lack of genetic affinity. Limitations can be reduced by either raising or decreasing ploidy levels, temperature treatment and embryo and tissue culture techniques. Chemical analysis revealed groups of species with different genetic affinity. No interspecific crosses between cultivated Trifolium species have been obtained. Artificial hybrids involving cultivated and wild Trifolium species were of little agronomic value. The development of low coumarin sweet clover by interspecific hybridization of Melilotus alba and M. dentata is of practical importance. A considerable number of species crosses has been produced in the genus Medicago at both the diploid and tetraploid level involving M. sativa, M. vqria, M. fqlcata und other perennial species. Crosses between annual and perennial species were unsuccessful.

Return to content

Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.3 (1983), pp. 409-422

Serbia

UDC 575:631.527

Original scientific paper

THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW CROPS FOR ARID AND SEMIARID LANDS

J.A. ARONSON and M. FORTI

Applied Research Institute, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva, Israel

Abstract

Aronson, J.A. and Forti, M. (1983): The development of new crops for arid and semiarid lands. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No., 3, 409-422.

In Israel, as in many other countries lying wholly or partially in warm subtropical latitudes, a concerted effort is underway to identify, introduce and develop the most promising and best suited of patential new crops for arid and semiarid lands. The need for such efforts arises from a variety of interrelated facts and trends including the rapidly growing demand for increased plant production for food, fibre, fuel and chemicals and the rapidly dwindling resources of fresh water and good topsoil in many regions of the world. Large areas of desert and semidesert, especially in the subtropical latitudes, are well-suited for crop production from a climatic point of view but are lacking sufficient rainfall to produce commercial yields.

New and imaginative approaches are required to meet these challenges in arid and semi-arid lands. More effective water distribution and conservation methods - such as drip irrigation and computer-assisted irrigation - can help in some areas. Development and utilization of salt-tolerant varieties of traditional crops can also be important where blackish water is readily available. Nevertheless, the keystone appears to lie in the area of introduction, selection, development and breeding of new crops taken from the geneticresources of wild halophytes and xerophytes in the dry areas or the world. A variety of leading candidate species are discussed as well as various new directions in arid lands agricultural research.

Return to content