THE SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS

Lj. Topisirović, G. Jovanović, M. Kojić, Đ. Fira, Irena Paštar, Ivana Strahinić, Nataša Golić, Ivana Tonić, Olga Momčilović, B. Jovčić, Jelena Lozo and Maja Vukašinović:

Characterisation of lactic acid bacteria isolated from different ecological niches

M. Savić, Jelena Vujović, Branka Vasiljević, G. Ljubijankić:

Bioactive compounds discovery – new immunosuppressants

Ivana Strahinić, Irena Pastar, Đ. Fira, M. Kojić, Jelena Lozo and Lj. Topisirović:

Characterisation of bacteriocins produced by natural isolate of lacobacilli

B. Jovčić, M. Kojić i Lj. Topisirović:

The aggregation phenomenon – important characteristic for probiotic lab

Adaptability and stability of genotypes

M. Ivanović, N. Vasić and M. Rošulj:

Basic approach of linear and multivariate models to estimate genotypes stability

M. Dimitrijević and Sofija Petrović:

Genotype by environment interaction. 1. Sources of variation and models

Savić Tatjana, Marina Stamenković-Radak and M. Anđelković:

The effect of different starch concentrations on some components of fitness of AMY-genotypes in Drosophila subobscura

M. Dimitrijević and Sofija Petrović:

Genotype by environment interaction. 2. Uncontrolled variation

N. Čačić, L. Kovačev, Snežana Mezei and Nevena Nagl:

Adaptability and stability of NS sugar beet varieties grown in different agroecological condotions

J. Miladinović, Milica Hrustić, Svetlana Balešević-Tubić and M. Tatić:

Adaptability and stability of new soybean genotypes

V. Sikora and J. Berenji:

Stability and adaptability of broomcorn [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] plant height components

Jelica Gvozdanović-Varga, Mirjana Vasić and J. Červenski:

Genotype and environment effects on yield and quality of autumn garlic

Sofija Petrović, M. Dimitrijević and Marija Kraljević-Balalić:

The stem height stability of divergent wheat genotypes

S. Dražić:

Genotype stability of cultivated medicinal plants family Apiaceae

M. Zorić, Jelica Gvozdanović-Varga, Mirjana Vasić and Marija Kraljević-Balalić:

AMMI analysis of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grain size

Predrag Kalajdžić, Marko Anđelković and Marina Stamenković-Radak:

Effect of different concentrations of lead on some fitness components in Drosophila subobscura

I. Tomišić, Marina Stamenković-Radak, G. Rašić, T. Savić and M. Anđelković:

Developmental stability in interpopulation hybrids of Drosophila

Biotechnology in breeding of organisms

Snežana Mladenović-Drinić, Dragana Ignjatović-Micić, Iva Erić, Violeta Anđelković, D. Jelovac, Kosana Konstantinov:

Biotechnology in maize breeding

V. Isajev, M. Mataruga, Mirjana Šijačić-Nikolić, Snežana Mladenović-Drinić Kosana Konstantinov:

Application of new technologies in conifer breeding

Branka Vasiljević:

Secondary metabolites of actinomycetes – molecular genetics approach

Vesna Lazić-Jančić, Dragana Ignjatović-Micić, Ksenija Marković, Steve A. Quarrie:

Current progress and approaches toward undersatanding the genes involved in expression of economically important traits in maize

Iva Erić, Snežana Mladenović-Drinić and G. Stanković:

Genetic diversity among ZP maize hybrids from different selection cycles obtained by genetic markers

B. Kobiljski:

Application of molecular markers in wheat breeding. Reality or delusion?

Slađana Nidžović, R. Bošković, Ž. Tešović, M. Lukić:

Genetic polymorphism of ACC synthase and acc oxidase in apple selections bred in Čačak

M. Ivanović and Mirjana Koprivica:

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its applications in identification of plant pathogenic fungi

Snežana Gošić-Dondo, Snežana Mladenović-Drinić, Slavica Stojkov, Kosana Konstantinov and Gorica Cvijanović:

Bacteria as biocontrol agents in corn protection against phytopathogenic fungi

Ivana Strahinić, Irena Paštar, Đ. Fira, Nataša Golić, G. Jovanović and Lj. Topisirović:

Lactic acid bacteria as a live vaccine delivery vectors

Nevena Nagl, I. Atanasov, K. Rusanov, Svetlana Paunović and L. Kovačev:

Transgenic resistance to rhizomania

Radomirka Nikolić and Nevena Mitić:

Morphological changes in atypical bird’s foot trefoil plants obtained during genetic transformation by Agrobacterium

Danica Mićanović, T. Mendum, D. Knežević, Vera Raičević and Veselinka Zečević:

Determination of nif H gene

Ksenija Marković, Dragana Ignjatović-Micić, Vesna Lazić-Jančić, G. Saratlić and S. A. Quarrie:

Identification of chromosomal regions responsible for expression of genes controlling high oil content in maize

Dejana Panković, Gordana Zdjelar, S. Jocić, Nada Lačok, Z. Sakač, D. Škorić:

The application of PCR markers in the investigation of sunflower resistance to powdery mildew

S. Bojović, Ph. Heizmann and M. Barbero:

RAPD genetic structure of manna ash populations from Serbia and Montenegro

Vladislava Galović:

Evaluation of dna polymorphisms and genetic distance of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes using AFLP method

Ljiljana Vapa, Dragana Obreht, S. Denčić, Mihajla Davidović:

Impact of protein markers in cereal breeding

Ankica Kondić-Špika and B. Kobiljski:

Production of wheat haploids using different in vitro methods

Branka Ljevnaić and Ankica Kondić-Špika:

Androgenesis of different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes in in vitro culture

Zorica Jestrović, M. Pavlović, Ankica Kondić and S. Denćić:

Callus regeneration from embryo of different species of genus Triticum

Vesna Manojlović-Đorđević, I. Stančić, S. Petrović and Jelica Živić:

In vitro and in vivo sugar – beet tetraploid induction

Dragana Vasić, Ana Marjanović-Jeromela and R. Marinković:

Microspore culture of rapeseed

Lidija Šenerović, Nada Stanković and Milica Ševo:

Improvement of Providencia rettgeri penicillin acylase production using different expression systems

Jelena Bošković, Željana Mićanović, M. Bošković and Vladan Pešić:

Molecular breeding for resistance to pathogen in small grains

Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

ANIMAL AND HUMAN CLONING

Janoš Berenji

Cloning, as creating genetically identical copies of an organism, is not unusual among living organisms (vegetative propagation of plants or identical twins in animals or humans). Nuclear transfer based on placing the nucleus derived from a differentiated somatic cell into a previously enucleated egg cell is the most frequently used method for planned cloning of animals (frog, lamb, mouse, cat, calve, pig, rabbit, horse, etc.). After the fusion and the first cycles of cell division the product is implanted into the womb of a surrogate mother that will, in turn, bear the clone after the period of pregnancy. The purpose of reproductive cloning is to create an appropriate number of offsprings of a previously known genetic constitution (i.e. to multiply domestic animals showing excellent production characteristics or to provide an offspring for childless marriages). Therapeutic cloning is applied in treatment of diseases (i.e. to supply «spare organs» or for xenotransplantation). The first successfully planned cloning of Dolly, the lamb, in 1996 lead to a widely divide reaction of public opinion worldwide. A comprehensive «pro» and «contra» discussion, based primarily on ethical, moral and religious considerations started. Future should demonstrate if the idea of cloning humans («Homo xerox») is a Promethean achievement or a Faustian nightmare.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

THE PROTECTION OF THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

IN PLANT BREEDING

G. Drinić i Snežana Drinić-Mladenović

The protection of plant varieties, as a specific form of the intellectual property, is regulated by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. The UPOV Convention was established in 1961 and then revised in 1972, 1978 and 1991. The Convention defines breeder's rights and each plant variety can be protected if it is novel, distinct, uniform and stable. Based on the TRIPS Agreement of 2002 the varieties can be protected by a patent, the efficient sui generis system and their combination. The aim of protection by a patent is to protect a creator of the genetic construct, while the aim of breeder's rights protection is to protect a unique combination of genotypes that is plant variety composed of. The application of the patent system in the plant variety protection is more difficult, because their development is in principle a one-shot process that is actually in opposition to the basic principles of this kind of protection. There are certain exceptions to both, patent and breeder's rights that are defined as a breeder's privilege, which is very important for the further development of the plant breeding process. The concept of the "essentially derived variety" was introduced by the revised UPOV Convention in 1991. This concept defined the right to use existing varieties as an initial material in the process of breeding with the authorisation by the variety owner.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

NATIONAL INVENTORY OF GENETIC RESOURCES

D. Jelovac, V. Pekić i M. Penčić

On the basis of the project started year 2000 for establishment European infrastructure of plant genetic resources, European Internet search catalog (EURISCO) was created.

The informations contained in national inventories was the basis for EURISCO database that represent entry point for search of plant genetic resources accessions. Central crop databeses as well as databases in national genebanks contain additional data about characterization and evalutation. Convention of biodiversity established responibilities for each country to create and maintain national inventory for theirs own genetic resources. Our country, as a member of that Convention, has been created National Inventory. Data containd in the EURISCO represent valuable source of information for national genebanks, scientific researches, as well as plant and animal breeding.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

SPONTANEOUS RELATIVES OF CULTIVATED WHEAT IN

LITTORAL PART OF MONTENEGRO

M. Dimitrijević i Sofija Petrović

A research expedition covering the maritime territory of the Republic of Montenegro was conducted in order to investigate and to collect genetic variability of Aegilops genera, in 2002. The considerable genetic variability of the genera in study was noted and collected in a number of localities.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION DURING STRESS

Violeta Anđelković, M. Babić, N. Delić i G. Stanković

New high-throughput techniques, together with advances in analytical and computational technologies are enabling systemic investigations of molecular processes of biological systems.

Clustering is widely applied by biologists in genome sequencing projects and phylogenetic studies. In the microarray expression analysis, the aim of cluster is to better organize, but not to alter primary data: genes are visually organized according to the statistical transformation and calculation, due to the expression pattern in maize kernel during heat and water stress. Besides grouping together genes with similar patterns of expression, genes are represented by increased intensity of red, e.g. green color, according to their up- or down-regulation in stress condition, compared to control.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

GENETIC GAIN FROM SELECTION OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) SYNTHETIC POPULATIONS

G. Stanković, N. Delić, M. Babić, Violeta Anđelković i Slavica Stanković

This paper encompasses studies on genetic variability, genetic gain from selection and heritability for grain yield and other quantitative traits of ZP and ZP/USA maize synthetic populations on the basis of S1 and HS (L-75) progenies. The objective was to observe the efficiency of the exotic germplasm introduction into local populations. The genetic gain from selection (), as a parameter of successfulness of the applied selection method, was estimated after the formula of Sprague and Eberhart, (1976) =cks²_g/ys_p, while broad-sense heritability was evaluated according to the formula h²=(s²_g/s²_p)*100. Three fold higher genetic variability for grain yield was obtained in the population ZP/USA-S₁, by the introduction of the exotic germplasm, what also resulted in the increase of broad-sense heritability by 12% in comparison with the population ZP-S₁. The presence of new alleles in the population ZP/USA-S₁ contributed to the increase of the genetic gain from selection for grain yield (DG=0.695) and the moisture grain percentage (DG=0.418) at the selection intensity of 5%. The increase of genetic variability indicates that the population ZP/USA presents a good initial material for further selection, i.e. that the introduction of the exotic germplasm into the local material justified expectations.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

THE CROSSING METHODS AND THEIR EFFICIENCY

IN WHEAT BREEDING

L. Panković, I. Mihaljev

According to the analyzed pedigrees of wheat breeding programs, single cross was most frequently used among examined crossing methods. Such favoring of single cross could be explained by low cost and high efficiency in obtaining new lines (varieties). But the plant height data and intensity index indicate that successive crossing method was the most efficient. For improved tolerance to leaf rust and powdery mildew all multiple crosses were more efficient than the single cross. Seed protein contents in the progeny of three way crosses and recurrent crosses were significantly different in comparison to all other examined crossing methods. Sedimentation values of successive crosses were superior in comparison to other crossing method, but the influence of environmental factors was higher than the influence of the crossing method. Milling ratio and bread value were significantly better in single cross, three way crosses and successive cross than in other crossing methods. Seed yield per se was not significantly different between genotypes obtained by different crossing methods, but the progeny of single crosses tended to reach the highest seed yield. In general, single cross is the most efficient crossing method in wheat breeding for increased yield per se, but in wheat breeding for improved quality and disease resistance multiple crossing methods are expected to be more efficient in creating superior genotypes.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

PATTERN ANALYSIS OF MULTI ENVIRONMENT TRIALS

M. Babić, N. Delić, Violeta Anđelković, G. Stanković, Vojka Babić

Significant Genotype by Environment interaction for quantitative traits, such as grain yield, reduces the usefulness of genotype means, over all environments, for selecting superior genotypes.

Because individual genotypes contribute to the interaction to a different degree, breeders need such parameters that describe the contribution of a specific genotype. Even considerable efforts have been made and numerous models being proposed, so far no parameter has been found that satisfies following conditions:

Parameter should be reproducible in independent experiments
Parameters must be estimated in series over short periods, and it is important to know if it is possible to obtain reliable estimates from single year experiments
Parameter should not depend on the specific set of genotypes

Because proximity measures occur in pairs where both, similarity and dissimilarity measures exploit the same type of information, companion classification and ordination techniques can be achieved. They complement each other in analysis of GE data.

Environment analysis should be performed using the data transformations that are used for genotype analysis.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

WHEAT QUALITY UNDER DIFFERENT AGROECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

N. Hristov, N. Mladenov i E. Hernandez

Bread-making and baking quality of wheat have a crucial role in getting quality final products. Quality of wheat depends of many factors. In addition to factors that are under human control (genotype and cultural practices), there are environmental factors which are not influenced by humans. These factors, which may modify qualitative characters of wheat, differ from one locality to another or from one year to another. Grain samples of 20 winter wheat cultivars (obtained from breeding institutes in Novi Sad and Kragujevac) were grown in 1998, 1999 and 2000 at five locations (Novi Sad, Inđija, Sremska Mitrovica, Kragujevac and Žitorađa). Grain protein content (N x 5.7, db) of whole meal was determined by the Kjehldal analysis and the loaf volume was measured by rapeseed displacement. Data processing for determining GxE interactions was done using the AMMI model. According to the AMMI analysis, none of the analyzed genotypes had satisfactory stability for both quality parameters (protein content and loaf volume). Still, genotypes NSR-5 and Kremna are recommended for further work as parent components if breeding is done for both traits. Genotypes Milica and Gruza are recommended for protein content, genotypes Prima and Renesansa for loaf volume.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

VARIABILITY OF WHEAT YIELD COMPONENTS IN DEGRADED SOIL CONDITIONS

Dimitrijević, Sofija Petrović, M. Belić, V. Hadžić i Ljiljana Nešić

Ten wheat varieties grown on degraded soil were examined for variability of yield components. The trial was conducted on “solonjec” type of soil in two levels of ameliorative measures with non-treated control, as well as, on “chernozem” soil type. Land reclamation measures consisted of phosphor gypsum application in amount of 25t/ha and 50t/ha. The yield components in study were stem height, plant weight, grain weight per plant, and harvest index. Intensive wheat varieties appeared to possess the highest mean values of studied traits on “chernozem” soil type, but different genotype reaction to melioration on “solonjec” type of soil.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

VARIABILITY OF B AND Pb CONCENTRATION IN Triticum sp.

Marija Kraljević-Balalić, Olja Ljubotin, R. Kastori i N. Mladenov

Breeding cultivars with high tolerance to B toxicity, especially in semiarid and arid regions, is the only effective approach to increase yields on high boron soils. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic variability and diversity of B and Pb concentration in 30 cultivars belonging to Triticum sp., in order to choose parents for hybridization. The experimental design was RCBD with three replications. B concentration in wheat leaves, at heading stage, was determined colorimetrically, and Pb was measured by standard AAS. Yield components were analyzed at full maturity.. The statistical analysis of the data (mean values, variability, correlation analysis and cluster analysis, using »Euclidean distance«) was carried out, using SPSS for Windows 8.0 software. Between the mean values for B and Pb concentrations significant differences occurred. The coefficient of variation indicated that genetic variation occurred among cultivars in response to B (V=9.30%) and Pb concentration (V=17.88%). The correlation of B with Pb concentration and yield components is also discussed. The genotypes Evropa 90, Peking 11, Nevesinjka and Kalyan Sona, in the same cluster, with lowest B concentration in the leaves, may serve as sources of germplasm for breeding B tolerant wheat genotypes.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

INFLUENCE OF AGROECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON FRACTIONAL COMPOSITION AND GERMINATION OF SEED OF TWO WHEAT CULTIVARS FROM ZAJECAR

R. Sabovljević, B. Petrović, Zlatoljupka Stanković

The examination of influence of location of seed-crop production on size, weight and germination of seed of two wheat cultivars from Zaječar (leda and kraljevica) was carried out. For this study, seed from fractions 2,20-2,85 mm and 2,85-3,25 mm was taken. From these fractions were taken sub fractions 2,50-2,75 mm and 3,00-3,25 mm, which have been divided into four mass fractions on the gravitational separator. The weight of 100 seeds and total germination of seed (fifth day), at t=20°C const. in filter paper, were examined in lab. For both seed characteristics, upon experimental variants, the total variability was determined (X, C.V.) and simple correlation coefficient (r). The results have shown that agro ecological conditions of production of seed-crop have an important influence on seed characteristics of both wheat cultivars, but in different range. The correlation between weight and germination of seed has changed when separated on weight fractions but differently per cultivars and production locations of seed-crop.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF STAY GREEN TRAIT IN MAIZE POPULATIONS

G. Bekavac, N. Vasić, Božana Purar i Aleksandra Nastasić

Stay green is a synonym of good overall plant health later in a season, tolerance to drought, diseases and pests. Despite superiority of stay green hybrids to non-stay green one, literature data about interrelationships of stay green character with some other traits are still relatively scarce. Our objective was to identify traits that might relate to stay green and grain yield in maize.

For this study, S1 progenies were randomly derived from two maize synthetic populations, P1-SG and P2-SG. Path coefficient analysis reveals that leaf water content had the strongest effect on stay green. Although genetic correlations between stay green and grain yield were negligible in both populations (rP1=-0.055; rP2=0.003, in the P1-SG and P2-SG, respectively), the highest positive direct effect (P<0.01) on grain yield was found for stay green (pP1=0.634 and pP2=0.560, respectively). Significant genetic correlations (P<0.01) between grain moisture and stay green (rP1=0.497 and rP2=0.709) could pose a problem in breeding for stay green due to possible undesirable changes in maturity; nevertheless weak and insignificant direct effects of grain moisture on stay green (p4y=-0.041; p4y=-0.064) indicate that breeding for better stay green should not affect the maturity.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

VARIABILITY AND CORRELATION OF YIELD COMPONENTS OF MOTHER LINE AND OF MAIZE-HYBRID F₁ GENERATION SEED MATERIAL – COMPOSITION

R. Sabovljević, Đ.Goranović, D.Jovanović, Božana Aćimović i M. Rošulj

The composition of seed material F1 generation was measured as: number and weight of flat shaped seeds (on the corncob), number and weight of other seeds (on the corncob), number and weight of the flat-shaped seed by rows in mother-line plants (1+4 and 2+3). The field assay was performed during the period of two years in five replications. Parental rows ration was 4:2. All characteristics of mother-line plants were calculated for total variability (X; C.V.). The tri-factorial variance analysis was made with factors: mother-line (hybrid combination), investigation year and manner of production of seed-crop. The results have shown that genotype of mother-line (hybrid combination) had statistically reliable single influence on all investigated characteristics in all investigation variants. Other factors are more significant in interactions. The strongest correlative connection was determined between number of all seeds on the corncob and number of flat-shaped seeds on the corncob (r=0,90 to 0,99) with very high determination (D=0,92 to 0,99).

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

CHANGES OF MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGIC SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF PARENTAL LINES AND F₁ HYBRID COMBINATIONS OF MAIZE BECAUSE OF AGING

Lana Đukanović, R. Sabovljević, M. Rošulj

Material was seed of six inbreed lines and F1 hybrid seed from four SC combinations. Aging took place under different conditions of seed storing (temperature, air humidity, packaging). Morpho-physiologic seed characteristics that were investigated: seed weight, seed moisture, germination rate of seed, total germination of seed, plumule length, radicle length. All examinations were performed under standard lab conditions (t=20°/30°C, 16/18 h alternatively), while the U.K. characteristic was examined under cold-test as well. Experimental data were computed for each term (year of seed aging) separately. Data were calculated for total variability (X, C.V.), by two-factorial variance analysis and three-factorial variance analysis, the correlation analysis was estimated by multiple regression equation (D, r, direct and indirect effects), cluster analysis was made. The results have shown that lines seed reacts differently on the course of aging compared to hybrid combinations. Also, conditions under which the aging process occurs cause different volume of changes in same lines and same hybrid combinations.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

YIELD AND NITRATE CONTENTS SORT SPECIFICS ON POTATO

R. Pavlović, Ljiljana Bošković-Rakočević i G. Dugalić

Young potato production is very important, as well for humans nutrition regard to its distinct nutritive value as for potato usage period. Potato production is very profitable and has strong agro-technical significance, which reflects in crop rotation enabling two harvests per year and living the soil of good structure behind, with high level of nutrition. Application of optimal amounts of nitrogen fertilizers is necessary regard the aim of providing healthy safe vegetable with allowed content of nitrate. The aim of these investigations, started with pointed facts, was consolidating of optimal dose of nitrogen for high yield achieving at different sorts of young potato. Open field experiments took place in the vegetation season of 2003, on the alluvium soil, location Trbusani, near Čačak. Experiment took place in four variants with the growing doses of nitrogen and with usage of five potato sorts: Adora, Lizeta, Kleopatra, Amorosa and Kondor. Achieved results shows that increasing of nitrogen doses influence on increasing of young potato yield; the highest effect was established at Kleopatra sort where we notify increasing of 52,8%. The least effect is shown at Adora sort. Regarding the nitrate contact, the differences between examined sorts and increased doses is established.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF SUNFLOWER BREEDING

D. Škorić, S. Jocić, D. Jovanović

In the past decade, significant results have been achieved in sunflower breeding both domestically and internationally. The genetic variability of cultivated sunflower has been increased using various methods, enabling the development of productive sunflower hybrids. Sources of resistance to rust, downy mildew, Phomopsis, Macrophomina, and broomrape have been found in the wild species and incorporated into cultivated sunflower inbreds with good combining abilities for various agronomic traits. The main problem facing sunflower breeding is the rapid changing of racial composition of some pathogens (downy mildew, broomrape, and others).

Significant results have also been achieved in developing hybrids for special purposes. Hybrids with high levels of oleic acid in the oil (>80%) have been developed and work is also under way on altering the oil tocopherol composition of sunflower (alpha tocopherols are being replaced with beta, gamma and delta ones). A large number of confectionery sunflower hybrids have been developed, too.

The main focus of sunflower breeding in the upcoming years will be an increase of this crop’s genetic variability, adaptability, and resistance to diseases, insects and stress (drought). In addition to the wild species as sources of desirable genes, such genes will be sought using new biotechnology methods, which will provide certain desirable genes and speed up the breeding process.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

COMPONENTS OF PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY OF HEAD DIAMETER IN SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.)

Nada Hladni, D. Škorić i Marija Kraljević-Balalić

Sunflower is the main crop species for the production of edible oil in many countries of the world, including ours. Plant height and head size, form and position on the stem as well as the number of leaves, their size, duration and distribution on the plant all play an important role in defining optimal plant architecture in sunflower hybrids (Škorić, 1975, 1989, 2002). In order to monitor the mode of inheritance and genes effects for head diameter in the F1 and F2 generations, half diallel crosses were made in six genetically divergent sunflower inbreds. The mean values of the trait in question differed significantly. The mode of inheritance of head diameter in the F1 generation was superdominance in all but four crosses, which had dominance instead. In the F2 generation, on the other hand, the prevailing mode was dominance, while superdominance was recorded in four cases. The dominant component accounted for the bulk of genetic variance, and the mode of inheritance of head diameter taking into account both the F1 and F2 generations was superdominance. These findings may prove valuable for developing high-yielding sunflower genotypes.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

POPULATION DIVERSITY AND COMBINING ABILITIES OF DIPLOID MULTIGERM SUGAR BEET POPULATIONS WHICH ARE TOLERANT OR RESISTANT TO RHIZOMANIA

L. Kovačev, N. Čačić, Snežana Mezei i Nevena Nagl

Genetic diversity, inside and between populations, is necessary for increasing of genetic potential for yield and improvement of quantitative traits and disease re-sistance. In sugar beet breeding, multigerm diploid populations are used as pollinators, or as donors of important quantitative and qualitative traits. Therefore, they play an important role in breeding programs. In our country more than 60% of area suitable for sugar beet growing is infected with rhizomania. We tested twenty multigerm populations with different level of resistance and tollerance to this disease. The aim of research was to determine if popluations, who come from different regions and have different level of resistance, are genetically different as well. Intra-population variability was tested in order to explore possibilities for further population improvement, and at the same time combining abilities were tested in crosses with four lines with cytoplasmatical nuclear male sterility. Significant inter- and intra population variability of diploid populations was determined.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

THE SEED CHARACTERISTICS AS ON INDICATOR OF

SIMILARITY – GENOTYPIC BASIS –SUGAR BEET – HYBRID

S. Petrović, R. Sabovljević, D. Biserčić, Divna Marković i Zlatoljupka Stanković

The characteristics of sugar-beet seeds of five triploid and three anisoploid combinations have been investigated. The following seed characteristics were examined: total weight of seed-balls - fruits (m0), seed weight within fruit (m1), seed-ball weight (m3), energy –rate of germination (E.K.) and total germination (U.K.). The seed was taken from two seed-ball sizes fraction: 3,25-3,50 mm and 4,25-4,50 mm. Temperatures for germination examination were: t1=5°/15°C (12/24 h alternatively); t2=20°C const. The examinations were performed in ten replications (10 x 100 seeds). The experimental data were processed for total variability (X, C.V.), by two-factorial variance analysis (for characteristics m0 and m1), by three-factorial variance analysis (for E.K. and U.K.), by correlation analysis (simple correlation for m0 and m1, multiple regression for U.K. and E.K.) and by grouping on the basis of differences (cluster analysis). The cluster analysis has shown maximal causability by genotypic constitution of the cultivar (triploids and anisoploids) and by the group of hybrid combinations (AL- triploid hybrids and NS- triploid hybrids).

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

LEAF TYPE AND GRAIN YIELD IN FORAGE PEA

V. Mihailović i A. Mikić

A three-year trial (2000-2002) was aimed to investigate the grain yield of nine pea genotypes with different leaf type. One (Akatsievydnaya Forma) had acacia (Aftl), four (NS-junior, Moravac, Javor and Amino) normal (AfTl) and four (Jezero, 4(1993), CD and Primeroy) afila (afTl) leaf type. Average plant height (PH), first pod height (FPH), internode number (IN), pod number per plant (PNP), grain number per plant (GNP), plant mass (PM), grain yield per plant (GYP) and per area unit (GYA), harvest index (HI) and thousand grains weight (TGW) were studied. There existed significant differences in all yield components, both between the different leaf type groups and between the genotypes of the same group. The AfTl cultivars had the greatest values for PH (75,2 cm), FPH (43,5 cm), IN (18,9), PNP (8,7), GNP (34,2), PM (15,89 g) and GYP (6,97 g). The afTl genotypes had the greatest HI (0,56), GYA (2980 t/ha) and TGW (255 g). As for the cultivars, NS-junior was characterized by the greatest values of PH (120,4 cm), FPH (68,6 cm), IN (22,2), PNP (11,3), GNP (42,5) and PM (17,95 g). Javor had the greatest GYP (8,56 g), while the greatest HI was determined in genotype 4(1993) (0,60). The greatest GYA was in Primeroy (4298 kg/ha) and the greatest TGW was measured in Moravac (301 g).

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

SORT EXAMINATIONS ON NEW TOMATO HYBRIDS

R. Pavlović i Ljiljana Bošković-Rakočević

Tomato presents very important culture for our country with spread production in large number of areas and significant part in total vegetable consumption. Production takes place in open fields and in the closed spaces. Considerable areas are green houses without additionally heating, and its basic purpose is plant protecting from the weak, short-lived frosts and making of the favorable temperature conditions. During the last years, usage of various sorts is present in our country, and that gives various results in the green house yield. In the green house production, regard to the high expensive, one of the most important factors is sort selection, respectively hybrids with their characteristics connected with the yield components, resistant and fruit quality. Based on these facts and with the aim of introducing new sorts in the production, this examination took place, so we could established sort specifics and give our suggestion on spreading this sorts in the production practice. Experiments took place in the vegetation season of 2003, in the green houses without additional heating, with large number of potato genotypes, location Trbusani, Čačak. Examined results shows noticeable different on the yield components among examined sorts.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA) OF BEAN

(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) TRAITS

Mirjana Vasić i Jelica Gvozdanović-Varga

We studied the divergence of our beans collection. The study included two qualitative traits, grain color and shape, and 13 quantitative traits, namely three components of plant height, five direct yield components and five chemical properties of grain. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed which of the traits were decisive in genotype differentiation. The principal components were formed based on the correlation matrix and shown through unrotated and rotated values of trait correlation with the main axes. The percentage contribution of particular main components to total variability was shown, as was the accumulation of variability. The variability of the collection was interpreted based on the seven principal components, the first one describing genotype productivity, the second grain shape, the third grain size, the fourth genotype harvestability and the last three describing the chemical composition of grain.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

MORPHOLOGIC-PRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL HYBRIDS AND PARENTAL COMPONENTS OF BEET-ROOT

R. Sabovljević, Zlatoljupka Stanković, B.Petrović, S.Petrović i D.Biserčić

In field trials morphologic-productive characteristics of experimental beet-root hybrids were investigated. Mother component was made by multiple reversible inbreed and selection, and was stabilized as CMS variant. Pollinators were also stabilized by multiple reversible inbreed and selection. The researches have encompassed total of four experimental hybrids (F1 generation, conditionally taken TC hybrid combination), two hybrid combinations of one mother with two different pollinators. One of the criteria in selecting and inbreeding was participation of mono-seed seed-ball in the total seed-ball number on mother-plants. Morphological-productive characteristics included: number of leaves on the plant, diameter of the root, weight of the root, number of the rings on cross section of the root, color of the leaf handle and leaf, color of the cross section of the root, length of root, shape of root, dry substance in the juice (digestion), leaf weight per plant in technological ripeness of root. All characteristics were calculated for total variability (mean, C.V.). For some characteristics the correlation analysis was calculated by multiple regression equation.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

VARIABILITY AND CORRELATION OF PLANT AND SEED CHARACTERISTICS IN FIVE SPECIES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

R. Jevđović, R. Sabovljević i Divna Marković

In investigations following medicinal plants species were included: Sinapis alba L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Calendula officinalis L. and Malva silvestris L. Three-year investigations were performed in field conditions. Assays took place on fields of Institute "Josif Pancic" in Pancevo. For all five species of medicinal herbs material are cultivars-populations that were bred by mass selection in each generation. Some morphologic characteristics of plants are encompassed (stem high, number of branches), some productive characteristics (number of fruits per plant, number and weight of seed per plant) and seed characteristics (size of seed, germination of seed). Investigations included single plants and working samples out from material. Experimental data are processed for each year separately and for all three years together. Experimental data are calculated for total variability (X, C.V.), variance analysis, correlation analysis (using multiple regression equation) and cluster analysis. The results have shown different values for same characteristics regarding botanical species, year-season of investigation and for all three years of investigations.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

SPONTANEOUS RELATIVES OF CULTIVATED WHEAT IN

CONTINENTAL PART OF MONTENEGRO

Sofija Petrović i M. Dimitrijević

A research expedition covering the interior part of the Republic of Montenegro (Zeta valley, Rijeka Crnojevića, Rumija and the area around Skadar lake) was conducted in order to investigate and collect genetic variability of Aegilops genus, in 2002. The considerable genetic variability of the genus in study was noticed and collected in a number of localities.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

VARIABILITY OF WHEAT SPIKE TRAITS EXAMINED IN

DEGRADED SOIL CONDITIONS

Sofija Petrović, M. Dimitrijević, M. Belić, V. Hadžić i Ljiljana Nešić

Ten varieties of wheat grown on degraded soil were examined for variability of spike yield components. The trial was conducted on “solonjec” type of soil in two levels of ameliorative measures with non-treated control, as well as, on “chernozem” soil type. Land reclamation measures consisted of phosphor gypsum application in amount of 25t/ha and 50t/ha. The spike yield components in study were spike length, total spike weight, and the number of grains, as well as, grain weight per spike. Intensive wheat varieties exhibited the highest mean values of investigated traits on “chernozem” soil type, but different reaction to melioration on “solonjec” type of soil, as well.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

TILLERING IN WHEAT

Veselinka Zečević, D. Knežević i Danica Mićanović

Variability, components of phenotypic variance and heritability for productive tillering in 50 wheat genotypes from different selection centers of the world were studied.The experiment was performed in randomized block design in three replications in the experimental field, in a period of two years. The analyzed cultivars displayed very significant differences in the average value of productive tillering. The highest value of productive tillering was found at the cultivar Zlatna Dolina (12.5), and the lowest at the cultivars Zemunka and Pobeda (8.0). Variability of productive tillering was high in both years. Coefficient of variation averaged V=(23.6%) for all cultivars in both years. It was discovered that there was much higher variability in the cultivars than in the years. The highest variability of this trait was found for cultivar Minister Dwarf (V=30.8%), and the lowest for cultivar Skopljanka (V=14.3%). The heritability in the broad sense was h2=59.2%. The analysis of phenotypic variance established that percentage of the whole phenotypic variability was similar for genetic factors (24.6%), interaction of the cultivar/year (24.0) and year (20.7). It means that productive tillering is a variable trait and its expression depends highly on the environmental factors.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

GENETIC DETERMINATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WHEAT

D. Knežević, Veselinka Zečević, Nevena Ðukić i Danica Mićanović

Quality represents complex genetically determined traits. The numerous parameters are included in quality determination. In this work were presented analysis of sedimentation volume and loaf volume in 20 genetically different wheat cultivars. The gliadin and glutenin composition were analyzed by electrophoresis method. The relationships between Gli-1, Glu-1 alleles encoding gliadin and glutenin proteins and quality components were analyzed. The high sedimentation protein volume and high loaf volume values were established in cultivars (KG.56, KG.56S, Rodna and Tara) which carried Gli-B1b, Gli-D1b, Glu-D1d. Also, positive correlation between Gli-D2 and sedimentation volume as well as between Gli-B1l and loaf volume were established (Srbijanka, Ravnica, Jugoslavija, Balkan). The identified alleles at the Gli-1 and Glu-1 loci can use as markers of quality in wheat breeding. However, the analyzed components of technological quality are genetically determined, but not only by Gli-1 and Glu-1, than by other factors (Gli-2, Gli-3, ratio of gliadin/glutenin amount etc) which is necessary more study.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

VARIABILITY OF GRAIN YIELD AND TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT CULTIVARS IN KRAGUJEVAC

M. Pavlović, Zorica Jestrović, M. Kuburović i D. Knežević

Grain yield, morphological traits and technological quality in 22 cultivars and 1 advanced line have been evaluated during 2 years of investigation and compared with check cultivars Pobeda and Partizanka. The grain yield in average in both years was between 6.04 – 7.36 t/ha; cvs. Rusija, Lazarica and Lira showed high significant higher grain yield than cv. Pobeda. High significant differences of grain yield in average (2.82 t/ha) between years was found, which showed that environmental factors have great impact. The value of plant high was between 72.0 cm (KG 100) and 97.0 cm (Kraljevica). Hectoliter mass was over 80 kg, especially cv. Košuta (86.6 kg). High value of sedimentation (over 50 ml) was found in cvs. KG 56-S, Rodna, Rusija and Bistrica, while the higher content of protein was discovered in cv. Studenica (11.23%). The data analyzed show that environmental factors had very high influence to investigated parameters.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

THE INHERITANCE OF SOME YIELD COMPONENTS IN WINTER BARLEY

Milomirka Madić i Marija Kraljević-Balalić

Five divergent genotypes of two-rowed winter barley (Vada, Đerdap, NS-293, Jagodinac and Sladoran) have been selected for diallel crossing in order to study the mode of inheritance, gene effect and the genetic variance components for the number and mass of grains per spike in F1 generation.

The evaluation of the mode of inheritance was done on the basis of the significance of differences between the hybrid mean values and the parent average. The analysis of the components of genetic variance and the regression data analysis were made according to the methods of Jinks (1954), Hayman (1954) and Mather and Jinks (1971).

Significant differences for both investigated traits were established between the mean values of the parents and those of the progeny. In most crossing combinations, the number and mass of grains per spike were inherited mostly in a dominant or overdominant manner. The genetic variance components, average degree of dominance and regression line indicated overdominance in the inheritance of these traits. The range of the obtained values of heritability for the number and mass of grains per spike was found to be very wide.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

CORRELATIONS AND “PATH” COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS FOR YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN WINTER BARLEY

Milomirka Madić, A. Paunović i D. Đurović

In order to determine in the most precise manner possible the cause-and-effect relations between direct and indirect grain yield components in winter barley, the simple correlation method was applied and the path coefficient analysis was used. Correlations between grain yield, harvest index, stem height, number and mass of grains per spike and biological yield, where grain yield was a dependent variable, and the other traits the independent ones, were studied. The highest positive correlation (0.73) was obtained between the biological yield and the grain yield and it resulted from both the highest direct effect of the biological yield on the grain yield (0.56) and the highest indirect effects through all the traits investigated. The number of grains per spike was also found to be positively correlated with the yield.

High positive correlation was established between the harvest index and the grain yield by both the simple coefficient (0.70) and the partial path coefficient methods (0.44). Direct effect of the stem height on yield was registered to be far smaller than it could have been concluded only on the basis of the correlation coefficients, because the stem height indirectly affected the yield through the biological yield, and to a lesser degree through the harvest index and the number of grains. No significant correlation between the mass of grains per spike and yield was determined.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

CORRELATIVE CONNECTION BETWEEN CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTHER LINE AND HYBRID SEED F1 GENERATION OF MAIZE HYBRID ZPTC 196

Jasmina Milenković, R. Stanisavljević, R. Sabovljević i Ivana Stojanović

Production of the maize hybrid seed (Zea mays L.) in the area of the town of Zaječar and its surroundings is limited by the ecological conditions. The loss of precipitations and high air temperatures during summer do not allow the hybrid seed of later vegetation to be produced. However, reduced amount of precipitations in the period of time from August to September, with favourable heat conditions, provide mature and healthy seed material only if the mother line has shorter vegetation period (FAO 200-300). This study examines the influence of the cob corn characteristics (cob length, number of seeds on a cob, mass of the seeds on a cob, number of the seeds in a fraction and germination of natural seed material of the maize hybrid ZPTC 196 seed. The applied correlative analysis involved all experimental conditions (two years, plant rows of the mother line, with watering and without watering). The results of the investigation showed that the applied approach of correlative analysis for the fractional content of a cob corn (number and mass per fractions) almost owerwhelming, as far as the seed germination is concerned, it was probable that all factors having influence on that characteristic were not included.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

THE INFLUENCE OF MOTHER-LINE ON AGROTECHNICAL VALUE OF CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID SEED MAIZE

Maja Ječmenica, R. Sabovljević, Gordana Demić, S.Antonić, Đ. Goranović

Material is F₁ hybrid seed of two different SC combinations. In both SC combinations mother line is the same and father-pollinators are different. From the natural seed material were taken control, two fractions of seed shape (flat and round-deformed) and four fractions of seed size (small, medium-small, large, medium-large). Under laboratory conditions examination of seed characteristics was performed: initial seed weight (m0), dried seedlings weight (m1), dry weight loss (Dm), total seed germination up to the 5th day (%). Examination of germination was made on three temperatures: t1=20°/30°C (16/8 h, alternatively); t2=10°/20°C (12/12 h, alternatively); t3=20°C const. Experimental data for m0 and Dm were computed by two-factorial variance analysis (factors: year – vegetation period and hybrid combination). Correlation analysis was made by multiple regression equation. Independent variables are: m0, m1 and Dm. Correlation analysis was performed for each hybrid combination and temperature and for seed fractions and control separately. The results have shown different influence of mother-line on characteristics of maize hybrid seed.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF SOME ZP AND NS CORN HIBRIDS

M. Biberdžić, D. Lazović, B. Marković, S. Barać i S. Stojković

In the study the results of macro field trial with some ZP and NS corn hybrids have been shown. The field trial was accomplished in 2001 and 2002 year in the area of Toplica. The soil on which the field trial was accomplished was smonitza. The antecedent culture was the winter barley. The insemination was performed at the beginning of May. In the macro field trial 19 ZP and NS corn hybrids of different length of vegetation were included.

The results showed that the harvest lacked from 12-16 % of plants in relation to the number of showed ones. The content of the damp in the harvest went from 20,7 to 28,8 %. The average crop was from 4,73 (NS dunav) to 6,47 t/ha (NS zenit).

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE INBRED LINES WITH HIGH OIL CONTENT FROM DIFFERENT CYCLES OF SELECTION

J. Boćanski, Aleksandra Nastasić i R. Popov

Recurrent selection improves population characteristics by enhancing frequency of desirable alleles. In maize (Zea mays L.) high frequency of desirable alleles is expected to affect the characteristic improvement of inbreed lines and hybrids developed from this population. Most of current breeding programs are aimed towards parallel improvement of a number of characteristics. Corn breeding for specific properties (content and quality of oil) necessitates increase of kernel yield as well as other agronomic important characteristics.

This paper examines the contribution of phenotype recurrent selection for oil content increase in synthetic population NSU1. Sixteen cycles of recurrent selection for increased oil content have been conducted until now. The initial population had average oil content of 4.79%, and after 15 selection cycles oil content amounted to 12.94%.

Realized grain yield of the inbred lines in crosses with testers depends on yield potential of lines and interaction genotype x environment. Productivity of inbred lines ranged more than 10 t/ha.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

PARTICULAR AND JOINT EFFECT OF YIELD COMPONENTS TO GRAIN YIELD IN TWO MAIZE SYNTHETICS

N. Deletić i N. Gudžić

Two maize synthetic populations, created by recombination of the lines obtained from domestic maize populations, were studied. One of them was of yellow grain (SynPEŽL), and the other one was white (SynPEBL). After calculation of genotypic correlation coefficients, the multiple regression and path analyses were done. Direct effects of independent variables (yield components, plant and ear height, root and stalk lodged plants percent) on grain yield, as well as indirect effects of each independent variable through the others, were also calculated. We found out multiple determination coefficients for the all combinations of independent variables (7x7 to 2x2). In SynPEŽL population direct effects were significant for the all traits except grain row number, but for lodged plants percent, ear height and length they had negative values. In SynPEBL population ear height and grain row number showed a significant positive effect on grain yield, and plant height showed a negative one. There were a large number of significant indirect effects in both populations. Multiple determination coefficients were significant for every independent variables combination in SynPEŽL population, and for most of them in SynPEBL population.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

VARIABILITY AND CORRELATION AMONG YIELD COMPONENTS IN TWO MAIZE SYNTHETIC POPULATIONS

N. Deletić i N. Gudžić

Two maize synthetic populations, created by recombination of the lines obtained from domestic maize populations, were studied. One of them was of yellow grain (SynPEŽL), and the other one was white (SynPEBL). After about 500 plants of both populations were selfed, 96 S1 progenies were chosen for the trials, according to the Nested Design method, in four sets, at the Peć and Zemun Polje locations. SynPEBL population had significantly higher mean values for the investigated traits in regard to SynPEŽL population, except grain yield and lodged plants percent. Genetic variances were significantly higher in SynPEŽL population for grain yield, ear length, and grain number per row. Phenotypic variances followed the same trend. We calculated high values of broad-sense heritability for the most of traits in both populations. Genetic correlations between grain yield and the other investigated traits were highly significant for all the traits, except the root and stalk lodged plants percent in SynPEBL population. The significant negative genetic correlations were found in SynPEŽL population, between the 1000 grain mass, and, on the other hand, grain row number and number of grains per row. The expected genetic gain from selection was higher in SynPEŽL population, than in SynPEBL.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF BROOMCORN [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] STALK

V. Sikora i J. Berenji

The germplasm collection of 227 genotypes of broomcorn was tested in a three-year experiment with special reference to stalk height. The average values and the indicators of variation were calculated. The variance analyses revealed significant genetic variability between genotypes. The minimum value for stalk height was 35 cm, the maximum value 284 cm, the standard deviation 8,82 cm and the coefficient of variation 6,4%. The genetic divergence for the stalk height between the broomcorn genotypes tested was calculated by hyerarhic cluster analysis. The method of Word was used and the difference between the groups was calculated by Euclidean distance. Eight groups of the genotypes tested were established. Genotypes belonging to the same cluster have similar interval of variation combined with low level of genetic divergence. Genotypes from different clusters demonstrate high level of allele divergence.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

THE LATEST ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF SUNFLOWER AND FLAX

Vesna Stanković, Dijana Dijanović, I. Mihajlović

In the Agricultural & Technological Research Centre in Zaječar the work on improvement of sunflower was initiated in 1980´s. Besides breeding for the main components of yield and high genetic potential for yield, in breeding programmes of confectionary genotypes of sunflower, there are some specific aims, such as: increasing the mass of 1000 seeds, reducing the portion of the shell, uniformity of the seed colour and size. The latest achievements of the sunflower breeding carried out in the Centre in Zaječar are: obtaining the confectionary-type hybrid PROTEINAC 94 placed on the variety list in 1998), the hybrid JUNIOR (placed on the variety list in 2001), and the synthetic protein cultivar ZENIT (placed on the variety list in 2003). At the very start of the 1990´s, the work on researching the agronomic characteristics of the existing assortment of oil-flax, as well as on preparation for plant breeding in order to obtain high-yielding cultivars of brown and yellow seed colour that can be used both for oil extraction and for consummation, was initiated. During the research, a certain number of lines of oil-flax with positive characteristics were created. In 2003 the flax cultivar with the yellow colour of seed, ZLATKO, was recognized.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

IMPROVEMENT OF SUNFLOWER FOR CONSUMMATION

Dijana Dijanović, Vesna Stanković, I. Mihajlović

Growing sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) for consummation is becoming more and more attractive in the whole world and in our country, as well. The consumption of this product has been considerably increased because it is being used more and more in various forms: sunflower seed in a shell, shelled kernels fried or non-fried, salted or non-salted with addition of various spices. The sunflower kernel is used for preparing over 100 different food products: special types of bread, cakes, ice-cream, and chocolate. In accordance with the market demands, the aims of breeding of sunflower for consummation are: high productivity, greater content of proteins, lesser content of oil, increased mass of 1000 seeds, lesser portion of the shell, easy nibbling, as well as tolerance to dominant diseases in the growing region. In the Agricultural and Technological Research Center in Zaječar, 4 genotypes of protein sunflower (two cultivars and two hybrids) have been created so far. This study shows the results achieved in increasing the content of protein, the mass of 1000 seeds, decreasing the content of oil and shell of the new 90 hybrid combinations. The hybrid combinations were obtained by crossing of the CMS and restorer lines.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

BACKCROSSES IN INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION IN SUNFLOWER

Jovanka Atlagić, Dejana Panković i Ana Pekanović

When incorporating desirable traits (resistance toi causal agents of various diseases) from the wild relatives into the cultivated sunflower, some undesirable ones are introduced too (branching, small head diameter, low oil content, etc.). To overcome this problem, backcrosses (F₁ interspecific hybrids x cultivated sunflower) are used, although very often desirable traits are lost in the process. Cytological analysis (meiosis and pollen viability) and molecular marker methods (RAPD) were used to estimate what portion of the parental species genome was present in the interspecific hybrids of the F₁ and BC₁F₁ generations. The results showed that the percentage of irregularities at meiosis increased from F₁ to BC₁F₁ gen. They also indicated the presence of aneuploids and sterility in the cross between the hexaploid species H. rigidus and cultivated sunflower. The genetic distance between the parents was 83%, that between H. rigidus and the F1 hybrid 54 and 61%, and that between H. annuus and H. rigidus 70-76%. In the BC₁F₁ generation, the genetic distance from H. annuus was 58-66% and that from H. rigidus 69-76%.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC VARIABILITY OF DISC FLOWER COROLLA LENGTH AND NECTAR CONTENT IN SEVERAL SUNFLOWER GENOTYPES

J. Joksimović, J. Atlagić, Z. Sakač, V. Miklič i N. Dušanić

The nectar content and disc flower corolla length are the two most important parameters of attractiveness to pollinators in sunflower. The phenotypic and genotypic variability of these two traits was studied in four commercially important hybrids and their parental components in a trial with three fertilizer doses over two years. The results showed that, looking at individual genotypes, the variability of disc flower corolla length was affected the most by year (85.38-97.46%). As the study years were extremely different, the phenotypic variance of the hybrids and parental components was calculated for each year separately. In such conditions, looking at all of the crossing combinations, the largest contribution to phenotypic variance of the corolla length was that of genotype: 57.27-61.11% (NS-H-45); 64.51-84.84% (Velja); 96.74-97.20% (NS-H-702) and 13.92-73.17% (NS-H-111). A similar situation was observed for the phenotypic variability of nectar content, where genotype also had the largest influence, namely 39.77-48.25% in NS-H-45; 39.06-42.51% in Velja; 31.97-72.36% in NS-H-702; and 62.13-94.96% in NS-H-111.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

MODE OF INHERITANCE AND HERITABILITY OF DISC FLOWER COROLLA LENGTH AND NECTAR CONTENT IN SOME SUNFLOWER GENOTYPES

Jovanka Atlagić, J. Joksimović, Z. Sakač, V. Miklič i N. Dušanić

Since disc flower corolla length and nectar content are the two most important parameters of attractiveness to pollinators in sunflower and we monitored them in the parental lines F1 hybrids, we thought it would be interesting to determine the mode of inheritance and heritability of these two traits. The mean values of disc flower corolla length ranged between 7.23-10.22 mm. Differences among most of the genotypes were significant. Year had significant influence on the expression of this trait. In the inheritance of the corolla length, partial dominance of the parent with the smaller corolla length (NS-H-702) was observed when determining mode of inheritance relative to the parents. Relative to the parental average, however, it was not possible to determine the mode of inheritance in any of the hybrid combinations. The nectar content means ranged from 2.08 to 15.54 mg/20 flowers and differences among most of the genotypes were significant. Partial dominance of the parent with the smaller nectar content mean was recorded in the inheritance of this trait (NS-H-702). Negative heterosis was found in the hybrid NS-H-45.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

GENETIC DIVERGENCE OF WINTER OILSEED RAPE (Brassica napus L.) GENOTYPES

Ana Marjanović-Jeromela, R. Marinković

Marija Kraljević-Balalić, Dragana Vasić, J. Crnobarac

Thanks to advances in breeding, oilseed rape has become one of the most important raw materials for oil and protein production. In order to improve its use in breeding programs and seed production, it is necessary to document, characterize and group genotypes within the collection. In this paper the results of analysis of 30 genotypes developed by various research institutes and international breeding companies intended for growing in the agroecological conditions of Europe are shown. The trials were done at Rimski Šančevi during three growing seasons. Genetic diversity for phenotypic traits and seed yield components was determined by hierarchical cluster analysis with Euclidean distance treated as metric distance.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

GENETIC VARIABILITY COMPONENTS OF SOME QUANTITATIVE TRAITS OF WINTER OILSEED RAPE (Brassica napus L.)

M. Radovan, Ana Marjanović-Jeromela i Dragana Vasić

Analysis of genetic variance components for number of leaves and branches per plant and stem radius was done according to the method of Hayman (1954). Heritability in narrow (h2a) and broad (h2b) sense was determined for the same traits, using the method of Mather and Jinks (1971).

Non-additive component of genetic variance was greater than additive component in all three studied traits. Dominant and recessive genes were not equally distributed in parent genotypes, with dominant genes prevailing. Ratio (H1/D)1/2 was higher than 1 in all three tested traits.

Calculated values for heritability in narrow sense showed that stem radius and number of branches per plant are traits with low heritability, and number of leaves per plant a trait with the high heritability. Heritability in a broad sense was high for all three tested traits.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG SOYBEAN GENOTYPES REVEALED

BY PROTEIN MARKERS

Ana Nikolić, Mira Srebrić, Snežana Mladenović-Drinić

Soybean (Glycine max) is a self-polinating crop of limited genetic variability, thus impairing genetic identification exclusively on the basis of morphological traits. Knowledge obtained by molecular markers can be used for genetic divesity analysis, to assess the degree of genetic variability existing between different genotypes, for genetic purity control, for monitoring viability and genetic changes due to long-term storage at low temperature, for identification and verificatin old and new collected genotypes. In this study protein markers has been used to evaluate genetic diversity of soybean genotypes with different pedigree. Seed proteins were separated by SDS polyacrulamide gel electrophoresis. All analyzed genotypes have specific protein patern. Presence or absence of protein band in gel was transformed to binary data and we calculated genetic diversity and index of similarity using obtained data. The UPGMA clustering method was used for hierechial clustering. Obtained results generaly agreed with pedigree and morphological characteristic of these genotypes. More complete descriptions of genotypes based on molecular marekrs could help determine future breeding strategies and facilitate inrtogression of diverse germplasm into current soybean genetic base.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

IMPROVEMENT OF SUGAR BEET POLLINATOR POPULATION USING MULTIPLICATION AND PRESERVATION IN VITRO

Snežana Mezei, N. Čačić, L. Kovačev, N. Nagl

Multigerm, tetraploid populations, which are used as pollinators for creating sugar beet hybrids, are donors of two thirds of triploid hybrid's genome. In the population of tetraploid pollinator, i.e. father component of commercial hybrid variety «Crvenka mz» was detected intra-population variability for some quantitative traits and combining abilities. In order to accumulate superior genotypes, recurrent selection for specific combining abilities was used. Tester was a mother component of hybrid variety, monogerm diploid line with cytoplasmatic male sterility. Since multigerm tetraploids are autosterile and self-fertilisation could not be used for seed production, genotypes were preserved by tissue culture methods. Selected genotypes, whose offspring had better root yield, sugar content and sugar yield, were multiplied by stimulation of axillary buds in in vitro culture. Beside better combining abilities for important agonomical traits, new pollinator population also had better root mass and dry matter content.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

THE EVOLUTION OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES AS DONORS OF FAVOURABLE ALLELES IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF YIELD IN TOBACCO (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

S. Dražić, T. Živanović i S. Prodanović

On the basis of average values in two-year experiment with four replications, the lines SA 130, Bols 334, Berlej 5 and TN90 were studied as donors of favourable alleles in the improvement of traits (height of plants, leaf number/plant, leaf area and yield of leaf) in elite parent hybrid Bols 335 x TN 86. Analysing with method after Dudley (1987) it was established that these lines could be potential donors. In the analysis potential donors often showed that in their germplasm they have and unfavourable alleles, epistatic or super domination and this mares difficulties in practical breeding plant because the selectioner can overrate or underrate the value of potential donor. Analysis of donor and parent, hybrid relatedness, parameter values for classes locus at which are favourable genes, showed that the most common way of getting a starting population for selection is by backcrossing parent hybrid and potential donor of favourable alleles to one of the parents to which is donor more related, or rarely backcrossing to donor.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

PHENOTYPIC DIVERGENCE OF PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.) GENOTYPES

T. Živanović, S. Krstanović i Gordana Šurlan Momirović

The following seven traits in 18 papper genotypes (Capsicum annuum L.) were observed: fruit lenght and width, pericarp thickness, number of locules per fruit, number of fruits per plant, fruit mass and mass of pericar. Significant differences of their values, i.e. great variability of traits among observed genotypes were determined. The degree of their divergence was estimated by hierarchical cluster analysis. Three clusters, i.e. three varietal groups of different pfenotypic properties were observed on a dendogram. Linking genotypes into the same groups was primarily in function of their yield, and therefore varietal similarity within groups on the basis of yield components values was expressed. Information about forms of divergence of these genotypes is important in papper breeding and hybridisation planning.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

PEPPER (Capsicum annum L.) MAIL STERILITY AND PRODUCTION OF F1 HYBRID

D. Cvikić, B. Zečević i N. Pavlović

In our country, up until now, the producers have usually grown varieties and domestic populations of pepper, while in western countries the usage of F₁ hybrids is much more popular. Therefore, the goal of our research was to investigate mail sterility and create the first F₁ hybrids in our country. The basic materials (from Hungary) were the plants with mail sterility. They have been selected in order to create three new lines with characteristics necessary for successful development of pepper hybrids. These tree lines incorporated the ms3 gene, which causes mail sterility of pepper flowers. Furthermore, the selected lines have characteristics suitable for market. During the previous and this year, in order to investigate the crossing abilities, which cause the heterosis, we have done serials of crossings between new-made and selected genotypes. After analyzing the data for most important traits, four pure lines with good OKS and PKS values, have distinguished themselves. Hybrids produced by crossing these lines with lines which have ms3 gene incorporated, have high yield, high-quality, elongated fruits which ripe early.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS AND CAPABILITIES OF THE NEW SORTS OF PEPPERS FOR GREEN HOUSE PRODUCTION

R. Pavlović i Ljiljana Bošković-Rakočević

Pepper production bases in the large areas in our country because of high nutritive and biological value, what influence on its big economy and nutritive significance. Massive pepper consumption is present in citizen nutrition, as well in the fresh as in the adapted state. Pepper is culture, which regularly take place in the green house production, especially hot pepper that is one of the most profitable cultures in this branch of production. In the production practice, there are many sorts, hybrids with various production characteristics. With the aim of examine the new sorts of hot peppers for green house production, we made experiment with large number of new genotypes, in which we examine some production characteristics. The experiment took place in the semi high green houses, without additional heating, on the smonica soil type. As a result, we can see heterogeneous as in the morphological characteristics of the plant and fruits as in the achieved yield.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

INHERITANCE OF SOME TRAITS IN DIALLEL CROSSING OF DIVERGENT GENOTYPES OF TOMATO (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.)

T. Živanović, S. Krstanović, R. Đorđević i Gordana Šurlan Momirović

On the basis dialel crossing (withour reciprocal) six divergent genotypes of tomato, the mode of inheritance and the components of genetics variance were analyzed for fruit lenght and width, pericarp thickness, number of locules per fruit, number of fruits per plant, fruit mass and frits mass per plant. The investigation was based on date of F₁ generation. The analysis of components of genetic variance showed that the main part of genetic variance belonged to the additive gene efect for yield components. The high values of heritability indicated results it can be concluded that in the breeding of tomato for yield, genotypes with high average values for fruit lenght and width, number of fruits per plant and fruit mass should be selected

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

SELECTING FEATURES FOR ESTIMATING GENETIC DIVERGENCE OF TOMATO GENOTYPES (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.)

T. Živanović, S. Krstanović, i Gordana Šurlan Momirović

On basis of the seven tomato yield components (fruit lenght and width, pericarp thickness, number of locules per fruit, number of fruits per plant, fruit mass and frits mass per plant), six tomato genotypes were grouped into four cluster by applying the method of hierarchical cluster analysis. The values of the specific combining abilities (SCA) and heterosis effects in 15 tomato hybrids of F₁ generation obtained by dialel crossing of six parental genotypes testified that the dendrogram of phenotipic differences was obtained on the basis of these features. It was concluded that the good hybrids with high SCA values and high heterosis effects were obtained by crossing the divergent genotipes from diferent clusters. It was in conformity with the fact that the favourable gene recombining abilities and high heterosis effects were obtained by crossing the divergnt parents but not the ones in close relationship. Since this method was successfully applied and tested on six genotypes, it cuuld alsou be applied for the characterization and classification of the entire tomato germplasm collection. In this way, the process of tomato selection would be greatly facilitated.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

THE EXPRESSION OF rin GENE IN PROLONGATED TOMATO FRUIT RIPENING (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.)

Jasmina Zdravković, M. Damjanović, M. Zdravković i R. Đorđević

Tomato selection programme, aiming to create a tomato hybrid with better fruit firmness, has been based on adding rin gene in perspective selection material. The fruit firmness has been based on decelerated ripening which prolongs the shelf life. Heterozygote genotypes (rin/+) have considerabley longer shelf life that genotypes with uniform ripening (+/+).

The effects of rin gene on shelf life have been examined on four experimental hybrids (K – 56, K – 18, K – 64 and K – 15 – rin/+ genetic configuration) compared with Atina F1 genotype (uniform ripening +/+) K – 91 selected line (rin/rin) and Fino F1 (DRS) unknown genetic construction and very good fruit firmness. The parameter for shelf life has been the fruit weight loss during the preservation – from harvest till the fading. The weight loss has been recorded every 7th day during two months.

The experimental hybrids showed good agro technical characteristics of mid early tomato intended for production in the open field. During the shelf life, the genotype K – 15 faded the most slowly, both in the group of green and mature fruits.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

VARIABILITY AND HERITABILITY OF ONION BULBS YIELD

(Allium cepa L.)

N. Pavlović, M. Zdravković i M. Ivanović

In order to investigate the variability of bulb yield, the trial was set up on an experimental plot of the Centre for Vegetable Crops in Smederevska Palanka during 1997 and 1998. The trial was performed by applying the method of random block system in five replications. Ten varieties of different geographical origins were included as the research material. The recorded values of the investigated features were determined by applying the variance analysis of a two-factorial trial model 2 (Hadživuković, 1991). The components of the phenotype variance, genotype and phenotype coefficient of variation and heritability in broad sense were estimated according to Singh and Chaudhary (1976).

Significant variability was recorded for yield bulbs in both years of investigation. For this parameter, genotype variance was greater than the enviromental. Phenotype coefficient of variation (PCV) was greater than genotype coefficient of variation (GCV). Heritability confirmed that the genotype variability was stronger in the overall phenotype variability.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

MODE OF INHERITANCE OF HEAD HEIGHT AND HEAD WIDTH

IN CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)

J. Červenski, Đ. Gvozdenović, Mirjana Vasić i Dušanka Bugarski

A diallel cross (including reciprocals), involving seven open-pollinated varieties having different head shape was made and 42 F1 hybrids were produced under greenhouse conditions and in the experimental field of Institute of field and vegetable crops in Novi Sad. The objective of this paper was to determine mean value, components of variability and mode of inheritance in two morphological characters of head shape, head width and head height. In our study superdominance occurred the most with head height (as many as 23 times) and the least with head width (16 times). The negative heterosis was not occurred in any combination as like as partial dominance of the poorer parent. The results showed significant divergence of the traits under study, which will also constitute an important source of variability for future cycles of selection in our Institute.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

CORRELATION OF AFILA AND NORMAL LEAF TYPE PEA

(Pisum sativum L.) YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS

R. Đorđević, Jasmina Zdravković, B. Zečević, D. Cvikić

In order to investigate the correlative values of Afila and normal leaf type pea yield and yield components we conducted a three years research (1993 – 1995). We researched a correlative junction of 8 Afila lines and 4 parent varieties yield and yield components (number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, number of grains per plant and the absolute grain weight). The results showed that yield and yield components are highly related r – 0, 82 – 0, 95, while the absolute weight is not related to yield r – 0, 19 and due to that it does not represent the yield component. The determined correlative values for all researched genotypes and parents were the same as previously researched by other authors, which leads us to the conclusion that leaflessness does not directly impact the change of correlative values.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

EFFECTS OF GENETICAL PARAMETERS ON INHERITANCE OF VIRST POD HEIGH PER GREEN BEAN PLANT (Phaseolus vulgaris L)

M. Zdravković, Jasmina Zdravković i N. Pavlović

In order to investigate gene effects on inheriting the first pod height in green beans, we investigated six divergent genotypes (Supernor, Darija, Grinkrop, Palananačka rana, Šumadinka i Zora), as well as their F1 descendants obtained by diallel crossing – without reciprocal. The research was on their mode of inheritance and genetic components of the variance. The analysis of genetic components of variation was made according to the methods used by Jinks (1954) and Hayman (1954).

The calculated values of the additive component of the variance (D) was lower than the dominant component (H₁ and H₂) value, suggesting that the dominance - epistatic gene effects were stronger in inheriting the first pod high trait. The degree of dominance ( ) is higher than 1 and sugested on overdominance. The ratio H₂/4H₁ indicates an uneven distribution of dominance and recessive genes in parents, which is also confirmed by the frequencies of the dominance and recessive alleles (u, v). The ratio Kd/Kr (0.94) proves stronger recessive gene effects than the dominance ones. Heritability at broad sense was 90%.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

EFFECT OF SELF-FERTILIZATION ON PRODUCTIVE TRAITS

OF ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.)

Jasmina Radović, Z. Lugić, Vladanka Pudlo i D. Sokolović

Alfalfa is self-incompatible, entomophilies and highly variable species. Self-fertilization in case of this variable plant species causes inbreeding depression due to reduction of gene frequency. Effect of self-fertilization on production and morphological traits of alfalfa was investigated on individual plants in families and self-fertilizing lines of the first, second and third generation, originating from the same genetic material.

Negative effect of self-fertilization on investigated parameters was evident in both years of experiment. The highest values for all traits were achieved with the material that was not self-fertilized. Inbreeding has caused already in S1 lines considerable decrease of green and dry matter yield (up to 53,2%), number of steam per plant (up to 26.4%) and plant height (up to 12,64%), whereas negative effect of self-fertilization was less expressed in regard to number of internodes per stem (up to 7,28%). Decrease of mean values of examined traits continued in lower intensity in S₂ and S₃ lines. Also the decrease in variability for observed traits depending on the level of self-fertilization was registered, so variability coefficient for yield of dry matter varied from 38,1% in families to 24,9% in S₃ lines, for young shoots 36,8% to 14,7% in S₃.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

BREEDING FOR DRY MATTER YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS

IN ALFALFA USING HALF-SIB SELECTION

S. Katić, V. Mihailović, Đ. Karagić, D. Milić i Sanja Vasiljević

To investigate a feasibility of employing the half-sib selection in alfalfa breeding for yield and yield components, the varieties NS Banat ZMS II, Europe and Orca were planted and studied in 1993. Plants were selected on the basis of growth vigor and portion of leaves, seed was obtained from open pollination. Four half-sib populations were selected, one from each NS Banat ZMS II and Europe, two from Orca.

The selected half-sib population and their parent varieties were planted in a comparative trial in 2001. In the first year of the trial (2001), the yield of dry matter was significantly higher in the improved half-sibs than in the parent varieties, by 1497 kg/ha and 879 kg/ha in Orca and Europe, respectively. The half-sib population from the variety NS Banat ZMS II had the yield of dry matter lower by 410 kg/ha, but it had a higher portion of leaves in the total yield as well as a larger number of of short internodes. In the second year of the trial (2002), there were no significant differences among the tested half-sib populations either in yield or in morphological characteristics.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT SELECTION METHODS IN RED CLOVER BREEDING

Sanja Vasiljević, Gordana Šurlan-Momirović, D. Lukić, T. Živanović, S. Katić,

V. Mihailović, D. Milić, A. Mikić

The main task of breeding red clover, the second most important perennial forage legume, is to develop cultivars giving high forage yields of excellent quality. Goals set before red clover cultivar development are achieved by different breeding methods. Previous research has shown that the most important methods used in red clover breeding are mass selection, individual selection, recurrent phenotypic selection, the polycross method, hybridization, and polyploidy. Mass selection is one of the oldest methods and has proven highly effective in improving highly heritable traits. Individual selection and hybridization have been shown to be highly effective in increasing protein content. Recurrent phenotypic selection is very effective when breeding for resistance to some diseases and pests as well as when developing genotypes tolerant of the 2,4-D preparation. The main idea behind the polycross method is selection of clones with a good GCA to be used for developing improved synthetic cultivars. Since no tetraploid forms of red clover have been discovered in nature, induced polyploidy receives special attention in the breeding effort, mainly for the purpose of increasing forage yields.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

PRE-SELECTION INVESTIGATION OF AUTOHTONOUS POPULATIONS OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS (Lolium perenne L.) THROUGH MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS

D. Sokolović i N. Ralević

Due to specific climatic conditions improvement of perennial ryegrass in Serbia was directed towards the increase of resistance to abiotic stress factors, drought and high temperatures, and at the same time realizing high dry matter yield and quality. Most frequently used initial material is autohtonous populations adapted to local agro-ecological conditions.

In this paper, pre-selection investigation of ten populations of perennial ryegrass originating from Serbia and cultivar Ilirka as standard is presented. Twenty-seven traits during three-year period were investigated and obtained values were processed by variance analysis and multivariate methods (cluster analysis and factorial analysis).

It was established that variability between populations is present and that such distribution of population is mainly affected by phenological and morphological traits: dry matter of vegetative tillers, internodes length, number of spikelets on spike and floret site utilization. Factorial analysis has determined that first three latent factors describe almost 70% of variability, which further reduces the number of traits significant for differences among populations to 14.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

RESPONSE OF STRAIN NS-355 (Pleurotus ostreatus) TO DIFERENT MEDIUMS

Dušanka Bugarski, Đ. Gvozdenović, Nada Milošević i A. Takač

The production of oyster mushroom has dramatically intensified in the last two decades and is still on the rise. This has been due to this mushroom’s its nutritive value, medicinal effects and simple and inexpensive production. The substrate used for oyster mushroom production is prepared from waste cellulose material from agricultural production, straw, corn stalks, stems of pea and soybean, sunflower husks, sawdust, etc. These materials are usually not utilized, often being burnt because of its low value.

Due to an increase in the production of oyster mushroom, there is the need to study factors that directly affect its yields.The rate of growth is one of the most important chracteristics of the mycelium used for commercial production. Rapid growth reduces the possibility of infection and helps cut production costs by reducing the need for room heating during incubation as well as by shortening the whole production cycle.

The objective of this study was to investigate the initial and final growth of the strain NS-355 mycelium as affected by the temperature, carbohydrate concetration, and pH value of the nutrient medium.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

INFLUENCE OF MEDIUM ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIFERENT STRAINS OF Pleurotus ostreatus

Dušanka Bugarski, Đ. Gvozdenović, J. Červenski i Jelica Gvozdanović-Varga

The production of oyster mushroom has been increasing steadily in Yugoslavia year after year as a result of the cheaper production relative to the button mushroom, on the one hand, and its medicinal and culinary properties, on the other.

Investigations conducted so far have shown that spawn quality affects directly not only the performance of certain strains but also the general dynamics of growth of oyster mushrooms. It has also been shown that the medium used in the production of spawn affects the rate of growth and quality of hyphae. Attempts are made to find quality media by studying different concentrations and sources of carbohydrates, pH values and growth temperatures.

Our experiment was carried out in a climatic chamber at 25°C. Three different concentrations of carbohydrates (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%) and five pH values (5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0) of the medium were used to grow the mycelium and three replicates.

It has been concluded that the optimum mycelium growth is strain-specific and requires different conditions with respect to pH level and sugar concentration in the nutrient medium.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

VARIABILITY OF QUANTITATIVE TRAITS IN POPULATION OF ECHINACEA (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.)

S. Dražić

Variability of following traits of echinacea population was examined: duration of growing season, height, yield of flower heads, yield of herbs and root.

Population traits are presented via following parameters: mean values, standard of deviation, coefficient of variations, variation width, asymmetric and flat to normal distribution of frequency.

It is confirmed that there is present variability of these traits, particularly being variable the yield of root, flower heads and herbs. Distribution of frequency was asymmetric in relation to normal distribution of frequency.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

GENOTYPIC VARIATIONS OF SOME NITROGEN UTILIZATION PARAMETERS IN WINTER WHEAT

S. Stojković, D. Đokić, Jovanka Stojanović i M. Biberdžić

In a field trial with twenty Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars genotypic variations of some utilization parameters of nitrogen in a plant have been studied. The aim of this study was to indicate the possibilities of discovering features and processes in different cultivars of wheat based on simpler procedures in order to use it in hybridisation and unit’s selection. The results show that the values of indicators of nitrogen utilization (harvest index of nitrogen, reutilization of nitrogen and physiological efficiency of nitrogen) vary according to the genetic specificity as well as the environment conditions. Thus in the first year of investigation the harvest index of nitrogen varied in the range from 74% at cultivar Nevesinjka to 88% at cultivar Gruža, while in the second year the values ranged from 51% at cultivars Jarebica and Renesansa to 66% at cultivar Takovčanka.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

WHEAT SELECTION ON NITROGEN FIXATION POSSIBILITY

Danica Mićanović, D. Knežević, Vera Raičević i Veselinka Zečević

Nitrogen fixation is biological process in which the elementary nitrogen was reduction to accessible form for plant. Selections of plant species Triticum aestivum L. on possibility of N fixation have not been conducted although that question is very important for theory and practice. The reason why such selection was not began earlier likely is because of complex genotype of wheat as well as complex genome of microorganism, which contain nitrogenase, nitrogenase complex, respectively, which is controlled by 17-nif genes, which are regulating nitrogen fixation. We are developed the original method of wheat selection for possibility on nitrogen fixation and selection of free nitrogen fixators for the certain wheat cultivar. Inoculation of wheat seed by autochthonous microflora from rhizosphere was achieved under half controlled condition and after that by passage of diazotroph trough three series of plant we gave possibility that individual plant alone provides selection and multiplication of diazotrophs at the its rhizosphere. By measuring of nitrogenase activity by gas chromatography method and reduction of acetylene to ethylene are established efficiency of isolated strain. Determination of nif gene was achieved by molecular genetically method PCR.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

COLONIZATION, ADSORPTION AND SURVIVAL OF

Azotobacter chroococcum ZP - 1/1 IN MAIZE ROOT

Vera Raičević, D. Kiković, Danica Mićanović, G. Vasić i B. Lalević

The members of the genus Azotobacter, although tipical soil microorganisms, occupy the important place in the rhizosphere of many plants and for some plant species and genotips they acts as asociative nitrogen fixators. Azotobacter inhabits maize rhizosphere, and a success of this association depends on compatibility of the strain and the host plant.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate colonization, adsorption and survival of Azotobacter chroococcum ZP -1/1 in maize root, as well as it’s nitrogenase activity.

The strain ZP-1/1 was isolated from chernozem of maize ZP-704 rhizosphere. This strain is known to has high nitrogenase activity (122,5 nmol C₂H₄ h^-1).

Azotobacter chroococcum ZP-1/1 belongs to group of strains that intensively colonize the maize root (1.07 x 10⁶). The maximal colonization was noticed on the maize crown. The number of cells that have been adsorbed on 2 cm at the top of main root amounts up to 1.59 x 10⁴. It has also been recorded that this strain had possibility for survival and moving from the place of prick to the root’s top and shoot, where it performs the nitrogen fixation. The maximal activity was noticed 1 cm from the place of prick (530 nmol C₂H₄).

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

USE OF Azotobacter chroococcum STRAINS IN SUGARBEET BREEDING

Nastasija Mrkovački, Snežana Mezei, N. Čačić, L. Kovačev

The problem how to reduce the application of nitrogen fertilizers while maintaining satisfactory sugarbeet yield has been under consideration for a long time. To maintain this proposition, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer may reduced in proportion to the amount of nitrogen a sugarbeet genotype is capable of receiving from selected Azotobacter strains. Our preliminary study 1991-1994 conducted under sterile conditions has been focused on specific relationships between Azotobacter chroococcum and sugarbeet plants. The study included two commercial sugarbeet hybrids and 12 Azotobacter strains of the 20 strains isolated from the hybrids’ rhizospheres. In the period 1996-1999, we studied the influence of three Azotobacter chroococcum strains on th eproduction and technological characteristics of three sugarbeet varieties. It was shown that the yield of roots and sugar content and yield were positively affected by the inoculation of sugarbeet seeds. When it is taken in consideration that increased doses of nitrogen fertilizer tend to increase sugarbeet yield while reducing sugar content and other technological characteristics, it is important to mentions that Azotobacter application maintains the root yield and sugar content while improving the technological characteristics.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

CAULIFLOWER SORT SPECIFICS ON YIELD AND CONTENTS

OF NITRATE NITROGEN

R. Pavlović i Ljiljana Bošković-Rakočević

Cauliflower is very valued vegetable regard to its nutritive value that is the best compared with all other brasicaceae. That is the reason for often usage in medicine, and its recommendation as dieting food. Edible part of cauliflower is white, compact head (rose), originated from metamorphosed generative organs. In the humans nutrition it is use in fresh state and processed in the food industry (marinate, draying or freezing). Tendency of fast spreading of cauliflower production is present in our country. One of the basic characteristics of this vegetable is specific in mineral nutrition and high demands for the nutritive matters, especially nitrogen. Usage of the regular doses of nitrogen is important because of reduction in nitrate accumulating, and cauliflower belongs to the nitro fill vegetable. With that aim, experiment with application of different amounts of nitrogen doses was establish, with two genotypes, so we could consolidate the differences on yield and nitrate content on the sort-hybrid relation. The results show that the increasing of nitrogen had direct influence on cauliflower yield increasing, up to 59,5%, and the hybrid had higher yield. Nitrate content in the cauliflower rose in the both genotypes was inside interval of 644-1596 mg/kg of dried matter.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

POBEDA – A HIGHLY ADAPTABLE WHEAT VARIETY

S. Denčić i B. Kobiljski

The wheat variety Pobeda was officially released in Yugoslavia in 1990. In Hungary, it was released in 1998, as a winter variety with excellent quality. Out of the 10 years of commercial growing, Pobeda took over 15% of the wheat acreage in last seven years. As a cross between the varieties Sremica and Balkan, Pobeda has excellent technological quality because both parents are in the group of excellent varieties regarding quality. In addition to that, Pored has a high genetic yield potential and adaptability to different agroecological conditions. This explains why Pobeda together with Evropa 90 dominates the domestic wheat production in the last decade. Pobeda produced over 11 t/ha in small-plot trials, over 9 t/ha in large-plot trials and over 7.5 t/ha in commercial production. In favorable years, Pobeda achieves protein content over 13.5%, sedimentation value about 45, gluten content over 30%, falling number about 280 sec., A2 farinogical class, and correspondingly high values for the other quality parameters.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

PESMA – A TOP QUALITY WHEAT VARIETY

S. Denčić, B. Kobiljski i G. Mladenović

The wheat variety Pesma was officially released in Yugoslavia in 1995. It is the top ranking variety regarding technological quality. It is grown at 8-10% of the wheat acreage in Serbia and Montenegro (the former Yugoslavia), with an increasing trend. In favorable years, Pesma achieves high yields and excellent quality. In unfavorable years, the yield is reduced but the excellent quality remains. It is a cross between the variety Balkan and the line NS 51-37. Pesma produced over 10 t/ha in small-plot trials and over 8.5 t/ha in large-plot trials and commercial production. Regarding quality, it is classified among extra good varieties, with protein content over 15%, sedimentation value over 55, gluten content over 35%, bread volume about 1500 ml, milling above 82%, A1 quality group on farinogram, etc. When the time comes that wheat is priced according to quality, Pesma will become a most popular variety among the domestic wheat growers.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

RENESANSA – A WINTER WHEAT VARIETY WITH MUCH POTENTIAL

S. Denčić, B. Kobiljski i G. Mladenović

The winter wheat variety Renesansa was officially released in Yugoslavia in 1994, in Hunugary in the year 2000 and it is expected to be released in Romania this year. It is currently grown at more than 20% of the wheat acreage in Serbia and Montenegro (the former Yugoslavia) and at limited areas in Hungary and Romania. The variety gained popularity among the local growers overnight. Only three years after release its acreage reached 10%, a feat that was not achieved by any other variety. The variety has a high genetic yield potential, excellent quality and high adaptability to various agroecological conditions. It is a cross between the variety Jugoslavija and the line NS 55-25. Renesansa produced over 11 t/ha in small-plot trials and over 8.5 t/ha in large-plot trials and commercial production. It achieves excellent quality in favorable years - protein content over 14%, sedimentation value over 45, gluten content over 30%, bread volume about 1500 ml, milling over 80%, etc.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

RUSIJA – A WINTER WHEAT VARIETY

S. Denčić, B. Kobiljski i G. Mladenović

The winter wheat variety Rusija was officially released in Yugoslavia in 1993 and in Hungary in the year 2000. It is currently grown at 2-3% of the wheat acreage in Serbia and Montenegro (the former Yugoslavia) and at limited areas in Hungary. Its acreages keep expanding in both countries. The variety has a high genetic yield potential, excellent quality and very good resistance to low temperature. It is a cross between the varieties Sremica and Novosadska rana 2. Rusija produced over 11 t/ha in small-plot trials and over 8 t/ha in large-plot trials and commercial production. In favorable years, it achieves high technological quality, i.e., protein content over 14 %, sedimentation value over 45, gluten content over 32%, A2 quality group on farinogram, milling over 80%, etc. Rusija has large aboveground biomass and a large and vigorous root system which are advantageous in years plagued by climatic stresses.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

TWO-ROWED WINTER BARLEY - MALIŠA

D. Dodig, Olgica Grujić, S. Stanković,

Slađana Milićević-Nikodijević i Miroslava Jović

The barley cultivar Mališa is developed by the Centre for Agricultural and Technological Research in Zaječar. It was approved by Federal Institution for Plant and Animal Genetics Resources in 2003. In botanical terms, Mališa is classified as two-rowed winter barley (Hordeum sativum, ssp. distichum var. nutans). The cultivar Mališa was developed by crossing the cultivars Novosadski 183, Sonja, Kristal and line OSK-4197/12-84. Looking at an average of all three study years (2000-2002) and all trials locations, Mališa (7880 kg ha^-1) outyielded the standard (7451 kg ha^-1). The cultivar has an elastic stem, in average shorter by 11 cm and it is more resistant to lodging than the standard cultivar. It is one of an intensive type. It is also characterised by good resistance to low temperature and drought. Technological properties of grain and malt signify that Mališa can be used in beer industry.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

PROPERTIES OF NEW WINTER TWO-ROW BARLEY CULTIVAR "MAKSA"

D. Maksimović, D. Knežević i D. Urošević

Winter two-row barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. distichum var. nutans) is very important crop. New winter two-row barley cultivar ²Maksa² was created by cross between parental cultivars Rodnik x Novosadski 307. ²Maksa² has yellow, firm but elastic stem with average height during three years of testing was 80,6 cm (6,2 cm lower then standard cultivar Novosadski 293). Cultivar has very good resistance to lodging. Cultivar ²Maksa² had long head with long, yellow awns. Kernells are big, yellow with glumes. In Yugoslav commision microtrials during three years of testing new cultivar ²Maksa² gave an average kernell yield of 7888 kg/ha and standard cultivar Novosadski 293 7451 kg/ha, which means a higher yield of the new cultivar by 437 kg/ha. Cultivar ²Maksa² had also great tehnological quality of kernells and malt. Percentage of first class seeds was 88,9 %, 1000 grains mass d.m. 41,91g and hectolitar mass 76,50 kg/hl. Crude protein content was 10,91%. Malt analysis and micromalting pointed out higher extract content in malt was 78 %, Kolbachs number 41,30 % and Hartongs number on 45°C 35,53 %. New cultivar ²Maksa² had good ressistance to most important deseases and pests and relative ressistance to drought.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

MILDUR – NEW SPRING DURUM WHEAT CULTIVAR

M. Milovanović i V. Perišić

Spring durum wheat cultivar Mildur characterized middle-early ripening, elastic stalk with height about 89 cm and good resistance against lodging, the most important pests, drought and other detrimental climate factors. Spikes of this cultivar are white colored, compact and with awns, whit great number of kernels per spike. Kernel is large and hard, with 1000 kernel weight about 46 g and mass of hectoliter about 80-82 kg, which are followed by good technological quality of kernel and semolina (glassiness, high protein content and yellow pigment content). From those traits of kernel originate high usable value of this cultivar, as row material, for pasta¢s production.Cultivar Mildur have stable yield, whit genetic yield potential of kernel about 8 t/ha. The best results this cultivar gives whit sowing on fertile soils and application of intensive methods of crop production, but high yields could be achieved on soils of marginal values.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

MERKUR – NEW SPRING DURUM WHEAT CULTIVAR

M. Milovanović i V. Perišić

In accordance to prevailing ecological conditions in Serbia, a long-term tendency is present within durum wheat breeding program toward creation of more adaptable, productive and high quality cultivars. In selection of new genotypes, as the most important criterions are different kinds of resistance (against low temperatures, drought, lodging, pests, etc), high yield and quality of kernel and semolina (glassiness, protein content and yellow pigment content).

Spring hard wheat cultivar Merkur, created in Center for Small Grains – Kragujevac, whit realized results in field trials of Federal Commission for Cultivar's Approval satisfy all aimed criterions. This cultivar distinguish stalk¢s height about 91,3 cm, very good lodging, drought and pests resistance. Kernel of this cultivar characterize high glassiness (93%), hectoliter mass and 1000 kernels weight. There must be emphasized a significant portion of seed above 2,8 mm. Consequence of those traits is high yield of semolina, whit protein content about 14,8 % and yellow pigment content about 4,5 mg/kg, which shows high useful value of cultivar Merkur as row material for pasta¢s industry.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

FAVORIT – NEW WINTER TRITICALE CULTIVAR

M. Milovanović i V. Perišić

Cultivar Favorit belongs to group of hexaploid triticale (6x Triticosecale Wittmack) and represent the one of the last of dozen cultivars created in intensive triticale breeding program in Center for Small Grains – Kragujevac. In three years lasting field trials of Federal Commission for Cultivar¢s Approval, cultivar Favorit, compared with standard cultivar, was characterized whit earlier heading date, lower stalk (95,7 cm) and better lodging and pests tolerance, which result in significantly higher yield (+ 760 kg/ha) and desirable technological quality of kernel. There exist opinion that triticale, as the youngest small grain species, possess better potential in regarding to yield, wide adaptability and kernel quality, so it offers great opportunities for improvement the most important agronomical features. On the basis of the results, it could be emphasized that cultivar Favorit represents a step forward in efforts to transfer unused triticale potential in practice and its disposition to wide range of consumers. This triticale cultivar is intended for intensive conditions of crop production and it can be successfully grown on fertile and less fertile soils. According to technological indicators, the best exploitation results can be achieved by kernel usage for fodder.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

SIGNIFICANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEW MAIZE HYBRYD RUBIN-7

Zora Jeličić, M. Pavlović, Janja Kuzevski, S. Krstanović i Nada Erić

The Rubin-7 maize hybrid belongs to the FAO 700 maturity group. It is characterized by high yield potential for kernels, which was proven during investigations by the Committee for Species. During the three year monitoring period, from 1999 to 2001, the average yield of kernel was 9.412 t/ha, which is 5% above the ZP 704 standard, and was highly statistically significant. Resistance to disease was high for Ustilago maydis 0.49, Fusarium spp. 0.13, and Exerohilum turcicum 1.25. Tolerance against Ostrinia nubilialis is 3.33. All of the above parameters and the agreeable phenotype of this hybrid indicate the value of Rubin-7.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

NEW SUGAR BEET VARIETY REGISTRED IN THE YEAR 2002,

CREATED IN THE SUGAR BEET INSTITUTE “SELEKCIJA”, ALEKSINAC

S. Petrović, I. Stančić, J. Živić, Z. Veselinović, R. Sabovljević

The new variety Aleksinac R was registred in the year 2002, as a result of continius breeding work in the Sugar beet institute “Selekcija”. Aleksinac R is diploid hybrid with good adaptability and excelent seed quality. Blades are oval – elongated with intensive green color and meduim expressed nervature. The leaves petioles are medium - elongated and forming semi – erect rosette. The root is smooth, oval, with shallow root furrow. Aleksinac R is the new sugar beet genotype, Rhizomania tolerant, with built in genetic prerequisities for high root yield, sugar content and low level of K, Na and alfa amino nitrogen. Variety belong to type NZ.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

SUGAR BEET VARIETIES OF “SELEKCIJA” – SUGAR BEET INSTITUTE,

REGISTRED IN THE YEAR 2003

Jelica Živić, S. Petrović, I. Stančić, Z. Veselinović

In the paper are presented the basic results of sugar beet varieties registred in Federal institute for plant and animal genetic resources. Sugar beet varieties were investigated in three years period, from the year 2000 – 2002, on two lacations in Aleksinac and Sombor. Variety Alina was the standard in this microtrials. On the basis of the results, four sugar beet varieties were registred: Aleksija (ALH 001), Almara (ALH 002), Alprima (ALH 003) and Aldika(ALH 005). All varieties showed statistical significantly differences in the relation with standard variety Alina.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

VRANAC AND CEPKO - NEW CONFECTIONERY-TYPE SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS

D. Jovanović and D. Škorić

The new SC sunflower hybrids of the confectionery type, Vranac and Cepko, have been developed on the basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration genes. They successfully combine genes responsible for high genetic yield potential with genes responsible for good technical and technological characteristics of seed. Vranac is suitable for direct consumption, hulling and production of kernels. It is a medium early hybrid, with the growing season from 115 to 120 days. The stem is firm, with the average height from 175 to 180 cm. The genetic yield potential exceeds 4 t/ha. The oil content in seed ranges from 44 to 48%, the husk content from 25 to 28%. Cepko is suitable for hulling and production of kernels. It can be used as a birdfeed. It is a medium early hybrid, with the growing season from 110 to 115 days. The stem is firm, with the average height from 180 to 185 cm. The genetic yield potential exceeds 4.5 t/ha. The oil content in seed is lower than 42%, the protein content exceeds 16%. Both hybrids are genetically resistant to downy mildew (Pl₁), rust and the sunflower moth and tolerant to Phomopsis sp. The heads are attractive for pollinating insects. The hybrids are adapted to a variety of ecological conditions and soil types. The recommended stand density is between 46,000 and 48,000 plants per hectare.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

NEW SOYBEAN VARIETIES

Milica Hrustić, M. Vidić, J. Miladinović i Đ. Jocković

Soybean was grown in our country since nineteen seventies. Around the same time, work on the development of domestic soybean varieties, adapted to the local agroecological conditions, began at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. Before that, introduced foreign varieties had been grown. The main breeding targets at that time were to develop varieties with high genetic yield potential, specified vegetation period, resistance to lodging, pod shattering and the major diseases. As the soybean acreage expanded, specific demands appeared – extremely short vegetation period for soybean growing as a second crop, increased protein content, changed oil composition, etc. Thus far, 66 Institute's varieties were registered in our country and 10 abroad. In mid-eighties, soybean breeding programs commenced at «Uljarice» in Belgrade, which produced 8 soybean varieties, and at the Maize Institute in Zemun Polje, which rendered 3 varieties.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

SLAVICA — A NEW CULTIVAR OF WINTER OILSEED RAPE

R. Marinković, D. Škorić, Ana Marjanović-Jeromela i Z. Sakač

On April 1, 2003, a newly developed winter oil rape cultivar was registered under the number III 01-5510/2 and entered into the Newly Developed Cultivars Register under the commercial name SLAVICA. During 1999-2002, the cultivar (application code NS-L-1) had been tested in trials of the Federal Bureau for Plant and Animal Genetic Resources under code number 8955/99.

Slavica belongs in the 00 cultivar group. It has a herbaceous stem bluish-green in color and is 118-129 cm tall with 5-7 lateral branches that form at a height of 48 cm and above. A single plant has 7-11 leaves and around 480 husks with 15-32 seeds whose 1,000-seed mass is 4.3 g. The growing season length is about 284 days. The cultivar has a high genetic potential for seed yield — over 4 t/ha. The seed oil and protein contents are up to 44% and 23%, respectively. Slavica is able to withstand low temperatures well. Due to its low levels of eruca acid (below 1%) and glucosinates (below 20 micromoles/g seed), its oil is suitable for human nutrition, while the remains that are left over after pressing are good for animal feed.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

RESULTS OF HOP BREEDING

J. Sabo, Vladislava Galović i Ivka Ikić

Based on the decision of the Federal institute for plant animal genetic resources in Belgrade No. 4/008-003/13 and 4/008-003/014 dated January 13, 1998 two clones of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) designated K-6 and K-23 have been approved as new varietes named »Aroma« and »Robusta«, respectively. This varieties are female, diploid, half-sister genotipes desiganted Ah 5/71/42 during their selection. Their femail parent has been the cultivar »Ahil« crossed with the hybrid male genotype Nb 2/65/1. The cross was made as simple cross followed by clonal multiplication of the selected progeny. This varieties show significantly higher coin yield potential and higher active ingeredient content as compared to the traditional domestic cultivar »Bačka« or otheruropean as well as amaerican aromatic hop cultivars.

Due to their favourable production, chemical as well as brewing properties the cultivars »Aroma« and »Robusta« were included in various tests befor as well as after their approval. High and stable yield, stability of active ingredients in coins during storage, favourable behaviour during brewing not only when tested in microbrewery but also in industrial scale brewing, justify the idea to use this cultivars as key elements of the revitalization of Yugoslav hop production. The beer industry also appreciates this new hop cultivars due to their exceptional brewing properties.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

‘BDS NIŠ 1’ NEW TOBACCO VARIETY, BURLEY TYPE

D. Jovanović, R. Sabovljević

Burley type tobacco has its important place in the recipes of various cigarette brands, all over the world, as well as in our country. Besides the appropriate technology in the production, a suitable assortment is also of great importance since it is convenient for our growing conditions. During the last several years, quite a lot has been done in this field, and the result is that some new varieties of this tobacco type have been created. One of them is the variety BDS Niš 1. The yield of this variety per hectare, compared to the standard Burley variety DKH – 28, is higher for 43,4%, while the gross income is higher for 42%. Sensitivity to virus diseases is also lower (TMV, PVY, TSWV). As far as its chemical composition is concerned, there are no essential differences in relation to the standard variety. However, the new variety is more convenient for the tobacco growers and cultivators.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

‘BDSM NIŠ 2’ NEW TOBACCO VARIETY, BURLEY TYPE

D. Jovanović, R. Sabovljević, Ž. Kostić, M. Milojević i D. Marjanović

Burley type tobacco has its important place in the recipes of various cigarette brands, all over the world, as well as in our country. Besides the appropriate technology in the production, a suitable assortment is also of great importance since it is convenient for our growing conditions. During the last several years, quite a lot has been done in this field, and the result is that some new varieties of this tobacco type have been created. One of them is the variety BDSM Niš 2. The yield of this variety per hectare, compared to the standard Burley variety DKH – 28, is higher for 35,5%. The gross income is higher for 42%, and there is lower sensitivity to virus diseases (TMV, PVY, TSWV). As far as its chemical composition is concerned, there are no essential differences in relation to the standard variety. Therefore, the new variety, compared to the standard one, is more acceptable for the tobacco growers and cultivators.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

NEW TOBACCO VARIETY OF TYPE PRILEP ‘DINOVKA 1’

Ž. Kostić, D. Jovanović, M. Uzunovski i Gordana Miceska

Oriental tobacco of type prilep, disregarding its reduced participation in recipes of today's cigarette brands, still has its important place. That is the reason of serious works in creation of new varieties of this type. The result of that work is Dinovka 1 which is created with the aim to compensate some shortages of the variety prilep 156/1 which has mass production in Serbia. In comparison with the standard variety prilep 156/1, Dinovka 1 has higher yield for 6,3 %, gives higher grades percentage of cured tobacco, and in that way higher income per an hectare for 8,8 %. Concerning chemical composition, important from the aspect of smoking characteristics, Dinovka 1 has lower content of nicotine, total nitrogen, protein nitrogen and the same content of soluble sugars and ash, which makes it very usable in cigarette production.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

NEW TOBACCO VARIETY OF TYPE PRILEP DINOVKA 2

Ž. Kostić, D. Jovanović, N. Prolović, M. Uzunovski

With the aim to replace the standard variety prilep 156/1, which has mass production in Serbia, with a variety of higher yield and quality, a new variety Dinovka 2 is created in the type of prilep. Concerning the yield this variety gives higher yield in comparison with prilep 156/1 for 11,1 %, higher percentage of higher grades and unik 1/3 for 14 %, and in that way higher gross income per surface unit for 18,9 %. Concerning the chemical composition Dinovka 2 has for 11 % higher nicotine content, for 29 % lower total nitrogen content; higher content of soluble sugars. Smoking characteristics of Dinovka 2 are favorable in all parameters: strength, taste, aroma and smoking fullness. That is the reason this variety is more acceptable than the standard variety prilep 156/1 from the aspect of interests for growers, cultivators and processors – fabrication.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

RESULTS IN BREEDING LONGUM PEPPERS

Đ. Gvozdenović, Dušanka Bugarski, A. Takač i J. Červenski

The pepper is a leading vegetable crop regarding both, the acreage grown and the variety of uses. In our country, it is grown at about 22,000 ha. It has high nutritive and biological values. It may be used in many ways, as fresh, pickled or baked. It is suitable for deep freezing. It is used as an ingredient in many dishes. It is also processed industrially into a large number of products. Pepper growing is highly profitable, achieving high gains per unit area. Taking into account the needs and requirements of pepper growers, processors and consumers, pepper breeding is oriented towards the development of high yielding varieties which meet the requirements of type, color, quality, technology of growing and methods of use. Two varieties, Una and Amfora, have been developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops within the program of breeding of longum peppers. Pre-varietal and official trials have shown that both varieties were superior to the standard varieties regarding morphological characteristics and yield performance and equal to the standards regarding quality. These results indicate that the two varieties stand good chances of finding place in commercial production.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

PRODUCTIVE AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW CAPSICUM VARIETIES CREATED IN AGRICULTURAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER-ZAJEČAR

Živka Đukić, G. Radovanović i Slavica Kodžopeljić

In the Agricultural and technological research center-Zaječar during perennial research capsicum was the most important species. National committee verified two capsicum cultivars on year 2002nd as the product of this work. One of them is the cultivar Julija; sweet capsicum with long fruits and the other is the cultivar Mina, chilli pepper.

Variety Julija (known as L-ZA-10) were analyzing during two years on the three different locations (Novi Sad, Smederevska Palanka and Zaječar). Yield of the variety was on the level of standard –Župska rana and Gold medal. Julija always had a higher level of the yield than other varieties which were researched, especially in conditions of extremely high level of temperature and base air humidity.

Variety Mina (known as L-ZA-1) was aerly maturing variety with higher yield and higher tolerance to plant diseases and vermins than standard variety Yellow hot chilli pepper.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

FUNCTIONAL DIPLOIDISATION AND NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL EVOLUTION OF TREES

A. Tucović, V. Isajev i Mirjana Šijačić-Nikolić

The duplication of chromosome pairs from tree and shrub species to species brings about the new species with traits of multiply increased vitality. For this reason, the trees are of very complex structure, longevity, adaptive and with highly variable types of vascular structure. This phenomenon has a significant role in the spontaneous and artificial evolution of trees and shrubs and it is designated as functional diploidisation. The study sample consists of 3138 species trees and shrubs. The study method is the specific and infraspecific cyto-genetic-ecological analysis. The differences between diploid species are great and classified conditionally at four levels, depending on the basic chromosome numbers: primary, secondary (duplicated), tertiary and quaternary (multiple). Angiosperms, both dicotyledons and monocotyledons are characterised by sudden multiplication of paired chromosome numbers. The process of diploidisation removes the difficulties and stabilises biological reproduction of newly formed diploids, opposing all the unfavourable tendencies, ensuring the advantage of the species with high chromosome numbers. The authors interpret diploidisation as a multi-stage and long-term evolution process.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

ASSESSMENT OF HETEROTIC EFFECT

IN SERBIAN SPRUCE HYBRID COMBINATIONS

Mirjana Šijačić-Nikolić i V. Isajev

In plant breeding, a special place is devoted to the study of hybrid vigour or heterosis. In woody species, the assessment of hybrid combinations with heterotic effect is very important for mass production of hybrid seeds in the specialised seed orchards. The occurrence and magnitude of heterotic effect was determined among hybrid combinations and parent individuals obtained by open pollination in Serbian spruce seedling seed orchard at Godovik. The heterotic effect was analysed for cone length and width and the average number of seeds per cone. The study results show the different heterotic effect, both for the same trait in different hybrid combinations and for different traits of the same hybrid. The highest values of heterotic effect were identified for the trait of the average number of seeds per cone and it ranged between 1.64 and 124.63. Along with the positive effect, there were also hybrid combinations with the negative heterotic effect. The combinations with high values of heterotic effect for the analysed traits should be the basis of species breeding in future researches.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

VARIABLITY OF CUTTING ROOTING’S PARAMETERS

FOR BLACK POPLARS IN FIELD CONDITIONS

B. Kovačević, V. Guzina, Marija Kraljević-Balalić i S. Orlović

At the base of three-annual nursery exams, established in the middle April with 13 genotypes of eastern cottonwood, 2 from eastern cottonwood half-sib families and 3 genotipes of euramerican poplar, the varirability of cutting rooting’s parameters was examed (28 measured and derived parameters of number, length and position of first order roots, number of leafs and stems, and hight of the highest stem). The examination was performed in four terms: at the beggining and in the mid May, at the begining of June, and in the mid Jule. During the spring the influence of genotipes and error as the origines of variation decreased, while the influence of years rised. In first three terms that contribution is more then 0,30, and even 0,40 (total root number and length for whole cutting, but also the number and total length of roots between 5. and 10. cm, as well as over 10. cm form the cutting’s base-cut). The contribution of interacion genotipe x year was never over 0,20. First two terms could be declared as terms when the influence of genotipe on total variation was the most significant. That could be interesting in evaluation of cutting rooting’s potential of genotipes in breeding and in creating of cultivar technology.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

PROPERTIES OF SELECTED SEEDLINGS F1 GENERATION APPLE CULTIVAR GRANNY SMITH

M. Milutinović

In this paper we investigated some pomological properties of selected seedlings F₁ Generation obtained by open pollination of Apple cultivar Granny Smith.

Orchad of seedlings population (120 seedlings) was established in Bolec, PKB “Vocarske plantaze”. Selected seedlings (5) with positiv properties for Apple are investigated under number: II/15; II/20; III/9; III/11 and III/16 in 1999-2002 year.

Fruit mass (average) in investigated seedlings varied from 160 g (seedling II/15) to 250 g (seedling III/16).

Contant of soluble sollids varied between 13,6% (seedling II/20) to 16,5% (seedling II/15).

Contant of total acids in fruits varied from 0,28% (seedling II/15) to 1,1% (seedling III/16).

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

BIOLOGICAL-POMOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SOUR CHERRY PROMISING HYBRIDS

Sanja Radičević, R. Cerović i M. Nikolić

Work on sour cherry breeding at the Fruit and Grape Research Centre in Čačak was initiated more than 40 years ago. The methods of classical plan hybridization resulted in over 10,000 hybrids derived from about 110 parental pairs. Two sour cherry cultivars: Šumadinka and Čačanski Rubin, have been named and released as a result of a long-term breeding work. Permanent breeding of new cultivars of this significant fruit species has been under way, with the chief aims focused on high cropping, fruit size and quality, as well as resistance to major causal agents of diseases (Blumeriella jaapii). The paper presents two-year study results on phenological and pomological properties of 13 promising sour cherry hybrids. The traits were compared to the standard (cv Heimann's Konservenweichsel). With regard to the exceptional pomological-biological properties, hybrids II/40, III/23, III/31, XII/57 are to be singled out. They merit inclusion within the local sour cherry assortiment and a wide production practice.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

THE SELECTION OF VEGETATIVE PLUM ROOTSTOCKS

ON THE BASIS OF AUTOCHTHONOUS GENETIC MATERIAL

Gorica Paunović i P. Lučić

Countries with a long-term experience within the stated selection have indicated that the genetic resourses of such a selection are primarly in the germplasm of semicultured cultivars. Our country is highly rich in local plum cultivars and selections; hence, owing to the stated abundance, it is assumed that quality vegetative rootstocks may be bred. The selection of vegetative rootstocks was studied in 15 autochthonous plum cultivars of differing spp Prunus: Prunus domestica L., Prunus cerasifer Ehrh., Prunus insititia L. and Prunus spinosa L. Heeling-in, as a vegetative propagation mode, was employed for the production of vegetative plum rootstocks. Certain spp Prunus varied in terms of regenerative capabilities. Rooting percentage was highly low in Prunus cerasifera (2.61%, i.e. 2.66%). Similar pecentage was recorded with Prunus insititia L. genotypes (1.85-4.17%). Prunus domestica L. revealed relatively proper regenerative capabilities. Out of 10 genotypes studied, rooted shoots were not noticed in three genotypes, whereas percentage of mother stools with reaction highly varied among remaining seven genotypes, ranging from 7.14% up to 100%.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

THE EFFECT OF PARENTS GENOTYPE ON THE VIGOR

OF APPLE HYBRID SEEDLINGS

Ž. Tešović, Slađana Nidžović i M. Lukić

Apart from a number of prerequisites in view of the establishment of the plantings with small interrow, and in particular within the row distance, modern apple production demands lowly vigorous cultivars. Low vigorous cultivars can be grafted on vegetative rootstocks which do not require support. This leads to a substantial savings at the modern orchard establishment. The stated issue may be solved through new dwarf cultivars breeding. Plan hybridization of differing parental pairs resulted in hybrid populations of differing vigor. Vigor of all the seedlings out of three hybrid populations obtained in the progeny of the following cultivars: Cox’s Orange Pippin x Čadel ' 195 seedlings, Cox’s Orange Pippin x Idared – 337 and Jonathan x TSR13T84 – 225 was studied. Seedlings were grown in Jiffy-7 pots in the completely sterile compost. Vigor (via length measuring) and internodes number were determined for each seedling.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

THE EFFECT OF APPLE PARENTAL PAIRS ON THE NUMBER OF PROMISING SELECTIONS SINGLED OUT FROM HYBRID PROGENIES

Ž. Tešović, Slađana Nidžović i M. Lukić

The number of promising selections singled out was compared within hybrid populations of two parental combinations. The population of 200 hybrid seedlings was obtained from Red Jonathan x [Jonathan x (Jonathan x Cox’s Orange Pippin)] progeny. The second population, accounting for 111 seedlings, derived from J/54/53/59 (Cox’s Orange Pippin O.P) x J/27/127/62 (Idared x Merton Worcester). Five promising selections were singled out from the first population: J/1/55, J/2/31, J/1/71, J/1/54 and J/1/15, and one from the second: J/3/9. In terms of percentage, the first populations accounted for 2.5% and the second for 0.90%. One parental genotype per population had cv Cox’s Orange Pippin in its pedigree.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON PHENOLOGICAL-POMOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PROMISING APPLE SELECTIONS AND STANDARD CULTIVARS

Ž. Tešović, Slađana Nidžović i M. Lukić

Commercial apple production has strict demands related to the selection of the cultivars for growing: excellent taste, attractive skin colour, spur, pendular or columnar growth habith, resistance to winter frosts and major causal agents of diseases and pests, which includes minimal aplication of pesticides for the quality fruit production and long storage life with no symptoms of physiological diseases. Existing apple cultivars do not fulfill the stated requirements, and hence new cultivars are to be bred. Over recent period, 44 promising apple selections have been singled out from hybrid populations at the Zdravljak-Čačak locality belonging to the Fruit and Grape Research Centre. Major pomological properties of the chosen selections (harvest date and physical fruit properties) were studied concurrently with the standard cultivars Idared, Gloster 69 and Čadel. The evaluated selections derive from six populations obtained via plan hybridization: Idared x Gloster 69-17, Idared x Red Cox’s (Cox’s Orange Pippin O.P) – 7, Idared x Čadel -2, Red Cox’s (Cox’s Orange Pippin O.P) x Čadel – 4, Idared x Golden Delicious – 2, and from the open pollination of Idared and Čadel: Idared O.P – 6 and Čadel O.P – 6.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTIVAR BEURRĒ BOSC

IN OPEN AND CONTROLLED POLLINATION

Milica Fotirić, D. Nikolić, M. Milutinović, Vera Rakonjac and Slavica Čolić

Majority of pear cultivars are autoincompatible, so for the successful growing and obtaining satisfy yield, it is importance to grow pollination cultivar besides the main cultivar in the orchard. Cognition of fertility ratio is important for breeding, and for obtaining optimal amount of hybrid seeds. For establishing pollinator influence on fruit set and fruit characteristics of cultivar Beurré Bosc, crossing of this cultivar with cultivar William’s Bartlett was done. Beside controlled pollination, open pollination of cultivar Beurré Bosc was examined as well. Initial and final fruit set from controlled pollination (22.98%; 6.35%) was larger than in open pollination (18.04%; 6.19%). Fruit height, fruit width, fruit weight and stalk length was the largest in crossing combination Beurré Bosc x William’s Bartlett (7.35cm; 5.84cm; 111.09g; 3.61cm) than in open pollination (7.23cm; 5.54cm; 97.02g; 3.39cm). Better results for seed number and seed weight were obtained in case of controlled pollination. Thus, from combination of controlled pollination, seed number per fruit was 7.87, and seed weight 0.038g, while in open pollination seed number per fruit was 7.34, and seed weight 0.031g.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

POLLEN GERMINATION AND FRUIT SET OF SOME PROMISING PEACH CULTIVARS

Vera Rakonjac, D. Nikolić i Milica Fotirić

During 1996 and 1997, in 19 new-introduced peach cultivars (Goldcrest, Iris Rosso, Domiziana, Emilia, Aurelia, Padana, Mayfire, Weinberger, Crose del Sud, Pegaso, Venus, Nectaross, Andromeda, Vega, Sirio, Romea, Villa Adriana, Villa Ada and Villa Giulia) in vitro pollen germination and initial and final fruit set was investigated. Pollen germination of all cultivars was satisfactory (39.58%-82.01%). Average for both years of investigation, the largest initial fruit set had cultivar Domiziana (77.18%), and the highest final fruit set cultivar Romea (49.82%), while the lowest initial and final fruit set had cultivar Nectaross (22.10%; 12.24%). Variation of pollen germination, average for all cultivars, per year of investigation (65.03%; 63.32%), was not so expressive like fruit set variation, where initial and final fruit set in 1996 (57.60%; 32.01%) was almost as double as in 1997 (34.46%; 14.32%). Considering results of analysis of variance, variability of pollen germination an initial and final fruit set was significantly influenced by genetically and ecological factors and like their interaction as well.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY OF CHERRY PLUM (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) POMOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Slavica Čolić, G. Zec, D. Marinković i Z. Janković

Cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) is one of the most widely spread fruit species in our country. The fruits are mostly used for brandy production, and the seed is used for rootstock production in fruit culture. As cherry plum is resistant to plant diseases and pests, chemical protection is not required. In that respect cherry plum is reach and cheap source for production of healthy food. The objective of this research was analysis of genetic and phenotypic variability as well as study on the correlation of pomologic traits of 49 cherry plum genotypes selected from the native population in Serbia. It is measured that genetic and phenotypic variability was the lowest for the weight of the pit and the highest for the fruit weight. Calculated genetic variability in the total value of phenotypic variability was high in respect of weight of the fruit and the pit, the same for the height and width of the fruit. A result for the length of the stalk was a bit lower. The highest coefficient of phenotypic and genetic correlation was calculated between weight and height of the fruit. Spontaneous population of cherry plum in Serbia and Montenegro is specific about extensive variability of the forms what is of the high importance for selection of the raw material in the breeding process.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

BIOLOGICALLY-POMOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPERIOR WALNUT SELECTIONS

R. Miletić, M. Žikić, Nevena Mitić i Radomirka Nikolić

Occurances of late spring frosts are a limiting factor in successful grow of walnut. That is why special attention is paid to selection of walnut in the years when, after the phase of swell, late spring frosts occur. It pariculary refers to the years 1998 and 2002, and partly to 2001. In these years, in the regions where the spring frosts were especially prominent and where the consequences were significant, 32 walnut-trees with satisfactory yield were recorded. These walnut-trees were observed more carefully in the following years. It was found out that, in situ conditions, they are chacterized, among other things, by later beginning of vegetation. Out of them, 11 walnut-trees are especially outstanding.they are characterized by luxuriation, vitality, satisfactory resistance to grey leaf blight, and fruitfulness. The fruits are of good quality with favourable characteristics of the shell (smooth, thin, light-coloured, easily-separable), and the kernel (relatively smooth, light-coloured, tasty). The frit mass of these selections amounts from 18.0 to 9.3g,the kernel mass from 8.6 to 4.1g,and the kernel content from 55.0 to 47.0%.The kernel contains from 67.0 to 61.1%of oil, from 19.3 to 14.5% of raw proteins and from 2.65 to 2.12% of mineral matters. All recorded selections were grafted.They were grown in the same conditions, and by collectivization, the best ones for commercial growth were selected.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

POMOLOGICAL PHENOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME WALNUT SELECTIONS

M. Mitrović, S. Milenković i V. Blagojević

Almost 50 years now, the work on clonal walnut selection out of natural population has been under way at the Fruit and Grape Research Centre in Čačak. Apart from the introduction, a rich walnut selection has been created and dealt with in a number of studies. The major aims within walnut selection are as follows: selection of the genotypes resistant to winter frosts, of mid late to late bud burst, heavy cropping (bearing laterals and racemes), high nut quality and resistant to economically major diseases and pests.

The paper presents phenological-pomological properties of five interesting genotypes with differing traits: XIV/96, XVIII/97 with early leafing out, VIII/98 and XVI/98 with mid late leafing out and XIX/87 with late leafing out. In terms of pomological properties, i.e. average nut mass and kernel percentage, the following results were recorded with XIV/96, XVIII/97, VIII/98 and XVI/98 genotypes, respectively: 14.65 g with 50.7% kernal percentage; 13.7 g with 51.3%; 11.25 g with 46.4% and 12.4 g with 45.8%. Somewhat smaller nut (10.8 g) with 43.6% kernel percentage was registered in XIX/87. In view of flowering type, most genotypes were protrandous (i.e. XIV/96, XVIII/97, VIII/98 and XVI/98). Genotype XIX/87 had protogynous flower. Leaf health status in all genotypes was excellent, virtually with no presence of Gnomonia leptostyla.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

GENECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WHITE-BARK PINE

(Pinus heldreichii Christ) IN SOUTH-WEST SERBIA

M. Tošić

In Serbia white-bark pine was discovered by Josif Pančić, one tree each in the village Negbina and at Sjeništa on Zlatibor. Some botanists questioned this pine growing naturally on Zlatibor wondering "how it reached thus far to the east without a link". After almost 90 years, the new sites were found at another nine localities between Sjenica and Prijepolje (Tošić, 1959, 1960 and 1975) with individual trees or tree groups, the largest of which were 55 white-bark pines. The morphological and anatomical differences of white-bark pine needles were determined at some localities (Tošić, Vilotić, Radošević, 2003). The assessed differences result from: (1) genetic factors, because the study trees grow in small groups of a few trees in spatial isolation, so they are the result of gene drift and croosing of related individuals and (2) differences in site conditions. In southwest Serbia white-bark pine stands were converted into pastures and farms and reduced to smaller groups or individual trees, which are healthy and with normal increment, indicating that this biologically and economically significant pine can be successfully returned to the suitable sites in its natural range. We propose the planting at xerothermic sites which are less suitable for Austrian pine, while white-bark pine could perform successfully both the protection and the production functions.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

VARIABILITY OF POMOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF APPLE-TREE SUMATOVKA CV.-LARGE-SIZED FRUITS SUMATOVKA

R. Miletić, M. Žikić, Nevena Mitić i Radomirka Nikolić

Variability means the process of occuring differences among the individuals of the same plant species. Investigation was carried out aimed to establish the variability of the pomological characteristics of the apple-tree Sumatovka Cv. It is a very old autochthonous cultivar grown widely the region of Eastern Serbia. Its special characteristic is that it is grown and fruitful without special care and cultivation, and in the conditions where the deficiency of precipitations and drought are especially prominent. The fruits of the Sumatovka Cv. are, on the average, small or of mean size with the lenght amounting from 52.2 ± 4.7 mm (CV 9.0%), the width from 52.4 ± 5.6 mm (CV 10.8%), the pedicle lenght from 19.5 ± 3.2 mm (CV 16.4%) and the fruit mass from 66.0 ± 20.6 g (CV 31.3%). The content of total soluble dry matters in the mesocarp amounts from 15.6 to 1.92% (CV 12.31%), total sugars from 14.3 ± 4.7% (CV 32.8%) and total acids from 0.95 ± 0.11% (CV 18.6%). It was especially being examined the Large –sized Fruits Sumatovka Cv. with the fruit lenght and width of 72.0 mm and the mass of 169.4 g. Besides the before mentioned, it was estimated many other characteristics, such as: vitality, luxuriation, dynamics of fruitfulness, as well as the occurance of preety significant parasytes and pests.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

SELECTION OF TREES WITH DECORATIVE WOOD TEXTURE AND MULTI-PURPOSE PLANTATIONS

A. Tucović i Dragica Vilotić

The study stands and plantations were researched by the method of selection and plantation. The trees with decorative texture rarely occur in stands. The suitability of species for valuable veneer production was expressed by the so-called breeding priority. The multiannual study of the causes of decorative wood texture shows that such trees, in addition to decorative texture, as a rule also have poorer growth, but also increased adaptation to stress environmental factors. The properties of decorative veneer have been correlated to two groups of morphological parameters - properties of trees or logs: type maserica and type lignotuber - which accelerates the candidature, evaluation and recording of plus trees necessary for plantation establishment.

The presented model of multi-functional plantation of whorly figured black poplar, type maserica is being established in co-operation with the Poplar Research Institute of the Faculty of Agriculture, University in Novi Sad. The presented model with minor deviations can be adapted to any of the recorded species. The establishment of the model enables a significant improvement of log quality, reduction of rotation, together with several-decade conservation, improvement and channelling (ex situ) of the plantation gene pool (mass and individual selection).

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

EFFECTS OF SELF-FERTILISATION ON AMORPHA (Amorpha furicosa L.)

INFLORESCENCES, SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS

V. Ivetić i A. Tucović

Self-fertilisation of amorpha was detected in our country during the analysis of amorpha fruits – seeds of the second fructification. The material for the study of tree reaction to self-fertilisation was collected from three spatially isolated trees and from three trees from subspontaneous populations at Ada Ciganlija. The comparative morphological analysis of inflorescences, fruits and the collected seeds – indicates that self-fertilasion enables autofecondation, self-fertilisation affects considerably the reduction of fruits in inflorescences, lowers seed germination percentage, increases individual variability of seedlings in self-fertilised lines, and also causes the lower survival of seedlings. Within self-fertilised lines, it is possible to select the seedlings which can have a direct role in species breeding. Self-fertilisation is of special significance from the aspect of the study of the pronounced invading capacity of amorpha over the flooded forest sites, within its secondary range in Serbia.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

VARIABILITY OF MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SEEDLINGS OF 40 AUSTRIAN PINE (Pinus nigra Arn.) HALF-SIB LINES

M. Mataruga, V. Isajev and A. Tucović

The morphometric traits of seedlings (lengths of hypocotyl, root, cotyledon and number of cotyledons) were studied in 40 open pollination lines originating from 5 provenances: Sutjeska, Višegrad, Tara, Teslić and Durmitor. Two populations were selected from each provenance, i.e.: 5 lines of open pollination represent the population growing on the cliffs and 3 lines of open pollination represent the population growing at the best site of Austrian pine.

The study of germination dynamics in the first days shows the significant differences in the intensity of germinability between the populations from different sites, i.e. the germination percentage of seeds form test trees on the cliffs was higher for about 5%. The most significant difference is reflected in the size se the rootlet, and also in the length of cotyledons. Taking into account the number of significant correlations, primarily the rootlet length, with the characteristics of one- and two-year old plants (significant inter-dependence with other 42 characters), the analysis of seedling characters should be paid attention to in the future research and in the testing of seed quality. In this way, the success of the planting material production can be predicted, as well as its use in the establishment of special-purpose plantations.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

VARIABILITY OF AUSTRIAN PINE WITH YELLOW NEEDLES

(Pinus nigra Arn. var. aurescens Tošić) GENERATIVE PROGENY

M. Tošić

An Austrian pine tree with yellow needles (Pinus nigra Arn. var. aurescens Tošić) on Mt. Tara is about 55 years old, healthy and of the same size as the adjacent pines. Its needles are shorter, but thicker, more numerous and shining than the needles of the typical variety, lying densely along the branch, pointing forwards, which increases its aesthetic attractiveness. Yellow colour is of internal, i.e. genetic nature, as confirmed by the study of the generative progeny and vegetative copies obtained by grafting. The colour of the generative progeny seedlings is highly variable and ranges from green to completely yellow. As the extremely yellow seedlings lack chlorophyll, they do not survive, they are susceptible to fungal diseases and lodge before they are lignified. The seedlings containing even the minimum chlorophyll, survive and develop normally into highly ornamental plants with completely yellow current-year needles (at the beginning of the vegetation), which subsequently turn green. The second-year needles are greenish-yellow, and multi-annual needles are yellow-green. The combination of generative and vegetative reproduction, with the necessary selection, enables the creation of new ornamental cultivars with attractive aesthetic properties suitable for landscape architecture.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

VARIABILITY OF SOME ACORN CHARACTERISTICS IN PEDUNCULATE OAK (Quercus robur L.)

N. Nikolić, B. Krstić, S. Orlović i A. Pilipović

The aim of this study was to determine the dry mass, the total mineral matter and water contents in different parts of pedunculate oak acorns, as well as the concentration of crude fats in cotyledons, to estimate variability among genotypes. Material analyzed was sampled from seventeen pedunculate oak genotypes, originating from seed orchard Banov Brod (Srem, Vojvodina, Serbia). The investigation of these traits revealed the significant differences among studied genotypes. The cotyledon dry mass ranged from 1.37 g (genotype 35) to 3.10 g (genotype 28), while both pericarp and seed coat dry weight ranged between 0.27 and 0.56 g. Genotype 35 separates from others by the highest ash content, while, on average, cotyledons contained 2.30 %, while pericarp and seed coat 1.56 % of total ash. The water content ranged from 57.25 % (genotype 30) to 72.24% (genotype 6). Considering all genotypes, the crude fats concentration was 8.2 %. The results showed significant variability between genotypes and enabled selection genotypes with desired properties of seed.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

PROMISING INTERSPECIES GRAPEVINE HYBRID 9896

D. Nikolić i M. Milutinović

From crossing combination Muscat Hamburg x SV 12-375, considering yield and grape quality and resistant to important fungal diseases, as the most promising, hybrid 9896 was selected. Based on investigation of important morphological, agrobiological and economical-technological characteristics, it was established that hybrid 9896 has open form of young shoot tip, medium intensity of anthocyanus coloration of young shoot tip, and low density of prostrate hairs on young shoot tip. Density of erect hairs of the shoot nodes is weak, and distribution of tendrils on the shoot is discontinuous. Mature leaf is large, with three lobes, teethes of rectilinear shape and open petiole sinus. Density of prostrate hairs between veins on lower side of mature leaf is none or very weak, but erect hairs density is weak. The flower is morphologically and functionally hermaphrodite. Hybrid 9896 is intended for table use. It ripens in middle of September. It is yielded (4.2 kg/vine). It has very large bunch (325.5 g). Berries are large (4.4 g), ovate, blue-black colour and special-harmonic flavour. Must have high percentage of sugar (18.7%) and medium amount of total acid (7.6 g/l). It is very resistant to Plasmopara viticola, Oidium tuckeri and Botrytis cinerea.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

MOLECULAR GENETICS APPLIED IN ANIMAL BREEDING AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

S. Jovanović i Ružica Trailović

Last decades were characterized by dramatic advent in the field of domestic animal genome research and numerous genetic markers were defined. First markers available were those provided by blood groups and protein polymorphisms and later leucocyte hystocompatibility antigens were identified. Recently advance in molecular biology techniques gave rize to interest in genome analyses in farm animal species and the use of the newly discovered DNA markers (in particular microsatellites) as tools for helping ind the search for gene loci influencing factors of economic importance (QTLs-Quantitative Trait Loci). Potential applications of genetic markers can be considered in the fields of Animal Breeding, Health and Disease Control, Fundamental Research and Marker-Assisted Selection.

The International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) was officially founded in 1964 as the European association and quickly broadened into global institution. The purpose of the society from its foundation was to co-ordinate on an international base research of genetic markers in the blood and body fluids and their use in the identification and livestock improovement.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

CHARACTERISATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL NICHES

Lj. Topisirović, G. Jovanović, M. Kojić, Đ. Fira, Irena Paštar, Ivana Strahinić, Nataša Golić, Ivana Tonić, Olga Momčilović, B. Jovčić, Jelena Lozo i

Maja Vukašinović

Autochthonous strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been isolated from homemade fermented milk products. These products were collected from specific ecological localities such as high mountains (1200 m above sea level), mountain’s plateau, river valleys, islands, Adriatic cost, etc. Analysis of LAB from the collection of natural isolates revealed that they produce proteinases, bacteriocins and exopolysaccharides. It has been also shown that some isolates of lactococci and lactobacilli produce simultaneously two or three bacteriocins. In addition, some isolates produced both proteinase and bacteriocin. Biosynthesis of specific proteinases has been revealed in natural isolates. Elucidation of the regulation of the genes encoding proteinases, bacteriocins and exopolysaccharides could facilitate construction of specific starter cultures for production of autochthonous fermented milk products, i.e. the fermented products with geographical origin. Introduction of genetic engineering in the investigation of genetic organisation of LAB from natural sources opens new potentials. Results of such approach would facilitate the use of genetic potentials of natural isolates for broadening the type of cheeses as well as other fermented products.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS DISCOVERY – NEW IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS

M. Savić, Jelena Vujović, Branka Vasiljević, G. Ljubijankić

Concentrated and systematic programs to discover and develop new antibiotics have been driven to a considerable extent by the development of resistance in pathogens to drugs commonly used against them. The on-going global race of discovering new antimicrobial drugs has turned once again to focus on the idea of biodiversity. Seen and studied at different organization levels: genetic, organismal and ecological, biodiversity of actinomycetes proved to be of immense benefit in drug discovery. The research is driven in two parallel directions. The first goal is to establish a collection of actinomycetes isolated from different soil samples taken all over Serbia and Montenegro. The second goal is to screen the strains in the collection for production of immunosuppressants. Harnessing the power of the target-based technology in drug discovery and genomic studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have developed a simple and rapid test for discovering bioactive compounds with the same mechanism of action as the immunosuppressant FK506. We have analysed 90 actinomycetes strains isolated from different soil samples and among them we have identified 4 strains that produce bioactive compounds with the same mechanism of action as FK506.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

CHARACTERISATION OF BACTERIOCINS PRODUCED BY NATURAL ISOLATE OF LACOBACILLI

Ivana Strahinić, Irena Pastar, Đ. Fira, M. Kojić, Jelena Lozo i Lj. Topisirović

An important property of the lactobacilli is their potential to produce proteins with an antimicrobial activity termed bacteriocins. Study on bacteriocins produced by lactobacilli isolated from traditionally home made, white-pickled cheese was done. Such lactobacilli could be a source of new bacteriocins with different antimicrobial spectra. Among 60 lactobacilli isolated from homemade cheeses of different geographic origins that are produced on traditional way seven were bacteriocin producers. Lb. paracasei BGSJ2-8 produces bacteriocin SJ that is a small thermostable molecule (about 5 kDa). It retained activity after treatment for 1 h at 100°C and showed activity in the pH range from 2 to 11. Bacteriocin SJ has narrow antimicrobial spectrum. Strain Lb. paracasei BGBUK2-16 produces bacteriocin Bac217 (about 7 kDa). Bacteriocin 217 retained activity within the pH range of 3 to 12 or after treatment at 100°C for 15 min. Bacteriocin 217 kept unchanged antimicrobial activity after storage at +4°C for 6 months or in freezer up to 12 month. Bac217 showed antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria S. aureus and B. cereus. Since bacteriocins are food grade proteins, the gene(s) encoding it could be used for the design of new starter cultures gy using genetic engineering.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

THE AGGREGATION PHENOMENON – IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC FOR PROBIOTIC LAB

B. Jovčić, M. Kojić i Lj. Topisirović

Probiotics are viable bacteria that influence the health of the host in a beneficial manner. A number of studies indicating that some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains have probiotic health promoting effects. Some probiotic LAB have ability to form multicellular aggregates either by autoaggregation (Agg), or by clumping phenomenon (Clu). It was shown that these bacteria not only can autoaggregate and coaggregate with other bacteria species but they also adhere to epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa with capacity to prevent pathogen adherence or pathogen activation. Some LAB strains from our laboratory collection isolated from traditionally prepared homemade cheeses expressed aggregating phenomenon. Lactococcus lactis BGMN1-5 sediments after overnight growth, and sedimentation was positively correlated with presence of proteinase. The rate of sedimentation was positively correlated to the number of proteinase cell wall spanning domains present, indicating their involvement in settling. Strains Lactococcus lactis BGKP-1 and Lactobacillus paracasei BGSJ2-8 also expressed aggregating phenomenon, and we revealed that Agg⁺ variants of both species contain >200kD cell surface protein which was not present in Agg^- variants. This protein could have a role in aggregation phenomenon.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

BASIC APPROACH OF LINEAR AND MULTIVARIATE MODELS TO ESTIMATE GENOTYPES STABILITY

M. Ivanović, N. Vasić and M. Rošulj

Several regression models are known for estimation of cultivars phenotypic stability. Both, standardized regression coefficients (bi) and deviation from regression (d²_di) may be utilized as stability parameters. In the last decade of the past century a few multivariate models, especially the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model has been broadly used for more accurate stability analysis. The AMMI model for yij (the i-th genotype in the j-th environment) partitions genotype x environment (geij=GEI), interaction term into two parts. First part contains patterns that are useful in modeling genotype performance (including prediction of i-th genotype) and the second part is the residual (or noise) portion of the GEI. The GEI pattern is obtained by the suitable Principal Components Analysis (PCA) method (from an analysis of GEI matrix). In the paper we will try to explain the basic model together with an example. Also, we shall briefly discuss so-called “time-space distinction” on stability and/or phenotypic plasticity, from the breeding and natural selection point of view.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION

1. SOURCES OF VARIATION AND MODELS

M. Dimitrijević i Sofija Petrović

A number of mathematical models have been created for studying the genotype by environment relation, as though the behavior of particular genotypes in different environmental conditions still was not precisely defined. The model of choice influences preciseness of obtained results in identification of agronomical important environmental sources of genotype variation. The most of models in use for the estimation of genotype by environment interaction are based on sources of variation caused by treatments and accidental effects, identified as additive and multiplicative effects. However, according to some opinions, obtaining of stable genotypes in selection programs has not been still proven, regardless of used model. Consequently, it opens the space for further investigations.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STARCH CONCENTRATIONS ON SOME COMPONENTS OF FITNESS OF AMY-GENOTYPES IN Drosophila subobscura

Savić Tatjana, Marina Stamenković-Radak i M. Anđelković

Studies of genetic variability in natural populations of different species and functional relations with their phenotypic variability represent permanently interesting field of population genetics and ecology. Genotype-environment interactions may perform by adaptive or stable response of the genotype to the environmental change. The phenotypic plasticity is a measure of degree of those alternative genotypic responses.

a-amylase is one of the suitable gene-enzyme model-systems in Drosophila because of it's structural and regulatory polymorphism and relatively clear biochemical phenotypic expression and physiological role.

In the present paper one aspect of these studies is given by the analysis of norms of raction of different Amy genotypes of Drosophila subobscura, as their response to the various starch concentrations in medium, through the variability of components of fitness and amylase specific activity.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION

2. UNCONTROLLED VARIATION

M. Dimitrijević i Sofija Petrović

A problem of uncontrolled variation burdens the most of existing models for genotype/environmental interaction estimation. Errors generated by uncontrolled variation in field trials are the basic reason for noise appearance in sources of variation causing a deviation from estimation accuracy. The noise commonly appears in sum of squares of main effects, genotype and environment, because it carries overall mean of genotype deviation, as well as, environmental deviation. The noise is frequently overlooked in the estimations. Impossible to eliminate, it is recommended to take the noise into consideration.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

ADAPTABILITY AND STABILITY OF NS SUGAR BEET VARIETIES GROWN IN DIFFERENT AGROECOLOGICAL CONDOTIONS

N. Čačić, L. Kovačev, Snežana Mezei i Nevena Nagl

In 2001 and 2002 seven sugar beet varieties with different level of rhizomania resistance were tested on five locations, for root yield, sugar content and yield stability. Analyzed traits depended on agoecological condotions and varied from 44.96 t/ha to 95.00 t/ha for root yield, 11.30% to 16.56% for sugar content and 5.08 t/ha to 13.54 t/ha for sugar content. Varieties Mara and Sara had the highest sugar content. High general adaptability for root and sugar yield had variety Drena, while variety Sara had significantly higher stability for those traits.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

ADAPTABILITY AND STABILITY OF NEW SOYBEAN GENOTYPES

J. Miladinović, Milica Hrustić, Svetlana Balešević-Tubić i M. Tatić

The work on soybean breeding conducted at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, results each year in the development of a number of new soybean lines that are tested in both Varietal Commission trials and in a macrotrial network whihc covers all important regions of soybean growing in the country. The purpose of the latter network was to test the reaction of new material to different agroecological conditions, so that most suitable variety can be recommended for each region. Adaptability and stability of genotypes were measured using genotype-yield regression coefficient related to the average yield of all genotypes in the locations investigated over three years. Growing conditions were different over the years, so that the investigated genotypes showed different stability levels, because mean value of all genotypes was used as standard, and, by definition, stability of the genotype applies only in relation to the other genotypes tested. However, the line NS-L-330219 showed stability above the average (b<1) in each of the three years, while it achieved highest yields in two of the three years.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

STABILITY AND ADAPTABILITY OF BROOMCORN

[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] PLANT HEIGHT COMPONENTS

V. Sikora i J. Berenji

In a ten years field experiment fourteen broomcorn cultivars belonging to the following groups were tested: old domestic, new domestic, Hungarian and American cultivars. The following plant height components were measured: plant height, stalk height and panicle length. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all traits tested. The cultivar Neoplanta was the tallest (208 cm) genotypes having the longest panicle (126 cm). Cultivar Tisa had the lowest plant height (142 cm), tallest stalk (98 cm) and the shortest panicle (55 cm). The American cultivar Deer 418 had the shortest average stalk (67 cm) in this experiment. Along with the analyses of cultivar difference the effect of environment (years) as well as the cultivar x year interaction was also calculated. The stability parameters were calculated according to Eberhart and Russell. The cultivar Sava had the best adaptability. In less favorable environments Reform was the most stable cultivar regarding the plant height components. Neoplanta was specially adapted to favorable environments.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

GENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS ON YIELD

AND QUALITY OF AUTUMN GARLIC

Jelica Gvozdanović-Varga, Mirjana Vasić i J. Červenski

Genotype response to changeable environmental factors as expressed through genotype by environment interaction offers important information to breeders and growers as end users. Garlic yield and quality were represented through bulb mass, clove mass and dry matter yield per bulb. The paper analyzed G x E interaction of 18 autumn garlic genotypes (13 populations and five clones) over three growing seasons.

The AMMI model was used to determine main genotype effects for the traits concerned via the main environment effect for the genotypes and their interactions. The largest interaction contribution was observed for clove mass (27.68%), followed by dry matter yield (13.45%) and bulb mass (6.18%). Highly significant for clove mass were the first two principal components (IPCA), while for bulb mass and dry matter yield the first principal component was significant, accounting for 77.52% and 78.39% of the G x E interaction, respectively. The biplot was used for the graphic representation of G x E interaction.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

THE STEM HEIGHT STABILITY OF DIVERGENT WHEAT GENOTYPES

Sofija Petrović, M. Dimitrijević i Marija Kraljević-Balalić

A wide stem height variability of divergent wheat genotypes has been established in the article. The examination of genotype stability using joint regression analysis revealed that the varieties 65cm to 100cm of average height have been among the most stable varieties. Principal component analysis brought out that the first factor, PCA1, covered the greatest share of total variation caused by environmental and genotype effects. Dendrograms of cluster analysis showed the similarities/dissimilarities of wheat genotypes on different hierarchical levels.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

GENOTYPE STABILITY OF CULTIVATED MEDICINAL PLANTS FAMILY APIACEAE

S. Dražić

We studied the stability of productive traits (fruit yield and essential oil content) of cultivars in grown medical plants from family Apiaceae. The experiment was conducted in 1996 on 5 locations. Stability parameters were performed according to the mathematical method of Eberhart and Russell (1996.).

The results of experiment showed that investigated cultivars are better adapted to the favourable growing conditions and the coefficient of regression bi was higher than unit. On the basis of stability parameters bi and Sd_i² ; fruit yield of parsley (cultivar: Domaći lišćar) had more stability than the others; while dill (cultivar: Domaća aromatična) was better adapted to the unfavourable environmental conditions. Fennel (cultivar: Vojvođanski) had more stability to essential oil content.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

AMMI ANALYSIS OF BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) GRAIN SIZE

M. Zorić, Jelica Gvozdanović-Varga, Mirjana Vasić i Marija Kraljević-Balalić

Bean grain size, along with grain color and shape, is a constituent of bean’s market quality. In order to be able to satisfy the broad market demand, cultivars with grain of all classes (from the smallest to largest) and top agronomic qualities must be developed. This paper analyzed 24 bean genotypes of different grain size in terms of their specific responses to growing conditions over three growing seasons. The AMMI model was used to separate the main effects responsible for the formation of grain of a particular size. The genotype effects were 89.76%, the year effects 2.19%, and those of genotype x year interaction 7.95%. A large portion of interaction variability was attributable to two highly significant principal components (by the Gollob test). Most of the genotypes exhibited high stability. The various types of individual genotype interactions with growing conditions in a given year are shown graphically as well as by two types of biplot graphs (GE and G+GGE).

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF LEAD ON SOME FITNESS COMPONENTS IN Drosophila subobscura

Predrag Kalajdžić, Marko Anđelković i Marina Stamenković-Radak

Fitness of organisms changes, with distinct rate, depending on varying environment. One of the anthropogenic activities is importing of different pollutants into ecological systems, which causes physical and/or chemical changes of environment.

To insight the possible courses of fitness change due to the effect of heavy metals, developmental time and viability of Drosophila subobscura individuals were observed, in laboratory conditions, on different lead concentrations. The variation in those fitness components was analysed across generations, to reveal the acute and chronic effects of pollutants. The obtained results were discussed from the ecologically-genetics aspects.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY IN INTERPOPULATION HYBRIDS OF Drosophila

I. Tomišić, Marina Stamenković-Radak, G. Rašić, T. Savić i M. Anđelković

Natural populations of certain species differ through accumulated differences at the genetic level. It is assumed that hybrids, from the crossses of individuals of the same species but from distant localities, could exhibit disturbance of developmental stability, i.e. ontogenic homeostasis. Fluctuating asymmetry could be the measure of changes in developmental stability, by the increased variance in assymetry of certain morphological, bilaterally symetric traits.

In the present paper, the flies used were from natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans, from different distant localities. The mating success is analysed between populations within the species and variability of fluctuating asymmetry of wing size in parental generation and their offspring. The accumulated differences between populations may be the cause of various degree of prezygotic reproductive isolation and phenoptypic variability of hybrids.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

BIOTECHNOLOGY IN MAIZE BREEDING

Snežana Mladenović-Drinić, Dragana Ignjatović-Micić, Iva Erić,

Violeta Anđelković, D. Jelovac, Kosana Konstantinov

Biotechnology includs molecular breeding, transformation, genomics, molecular diagnostics and bioinformatic as supplement to classical maize breeding. Molecular markers are used for genotype identification and protection; grouping inbred lines into hetrotic groups, study of heterosis and stress tolerance, gene mapping. The most useful in maize breeding are isozymes, RFLP, SSR, RAPD, AFLP. Also, biotechnology includes a number of methods for introducing a particular gene, for example herbicide tolerant as well as insect resistance gene and at that way genetically modified plant is obtained. Beside, for commercial purpose genetically modified maize is used as model system for studing influence of foreing gene on maize genome. Development of informatics and biotechnology are resulted in bioinformatic, namely a spectrum of activities from laboratory information systems through date analysis, interpretation, integration to submitting sequence and mapping date to datebasis, as well as in expansion of microarrey technic. Results obtained in Maize Research Institute of biotechnology applied in maize breeding, will be presented.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

APPLICATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN CONIFER BREEDING

V. Isajev, M. Mataruga, Mirjana Šijačić-Nikolić,

Snežana Mladenović-Drinić Kosana Konstantinov

This paper presents a short review of the contribution of new technologies in Serbian spruce (Picea omorika Panč.) breeding by controlled hybridisation and in Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) breeding, application of individual selection.

Electrophoregrams showed the presence of different types of protein fractions - bands, in the hybrids: bands common to both parents, bands - one from father and the other from mother (codominance of parent gene expression in the hybrid), bands inherited from mother, bands inherited from father, and bands specific for the hybrid.

The analysis on the salt-soluble proteins of Austrian pine seeds showed that all the study genotypes have specific protein compositions. There are proteins bands present in all lines, as well as those depending on the lines of open pollination, or on the location where the individuals grow. Also, there is a very low number of results with the identical protein compositions in the replications of the same half-sib lines, which confirms the great intra-linear variability, which may result from the effect of the father, as well as of the heterozygosity of mother trees. The study results justify the application of new technologies in the assessment of genetic relation, i.e. distance between the initial materials.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

SECONDARY METABOLITES OF ACTINOMYCETES –

MOLECULAR GENETICS APPROACH

Branka Vasiljević

The aim of this presentation is to picture out abilities of molecular genetic in microbial synthesis of commercial products. Special attention will be paid to secondary metabolites isolated from Actinomycetes, soil, fresh water and marine microorganisms which produce a wide variety of biologically active compounds.

Members of genus Actinomycetes produce a large number of useful secondary metabolites with pharmaceutical application such as antitumor agents, immunosuppressants, antihelmintics, enzyme inhibitors, and agricultural fungicides, insecticides and herbicides. The screening of microbial natural products continues to represent an important route to the discovery of novel chemicals for development of new therapeutic agents.

The molecular genetics approach, specially the recombinant DNA techniques have been developed and widely used in studies of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The genes for biosynthetic enzymes are usually clustered with resistance genes, since producing organisms must be able to protect themselves against their own toxic products. The study of organization and regulation of these genes might be exploit in yield improvement of Actinomycetes producing strains and in the development of new products.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

CURRENT PROGRESS AND APPROACHES TOWARD UNDERSATANDING THE GENES INVOLVED IN EXPRESSION OF ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT TRAITS IN MAIZE

Vesna Lazić-Jančić, Dragana Ignjatović-Micić, Ksenija Marković, Steve A. Quarrie

We have applied the BSA approach with RFLP markers to study economically important traits in maize - drought tolerance, oil content and yield. For drought tolerance and oil content, marker analysis was carried out with genetically diverse composite populations, selected on the basis of either high yield under drought stress or high oil content for several generations and comparing the first and the last cycles of selection. To assess maize yield potential F3 families with the highest and lowest testcross yields. were selected for marker analysis.

For all three studies major allele frequency differences were identified, indicating genomic regions where genetic control of the traits may reside. By comparison with previously published QTL analysis of these traits the map locations of several of the probes exhibiting differences in allele frequency from BSA corresponded to regions previously identified to carry QTLs for the same traits. RFLP markers shown to be closely linked to genes involved in expression of the trait could be used to gain a better understanding of the genetic control of these traits and to help design more efficient maize improvement program.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG ZP MAIZE HYBRIDS FROM DIFFERENT SELECTION CYCLES OBTAINED BY GENETIC MARKERS

Iva Erić, Snežana Mladenović-Drinić i G. Stanković

Five cycles have determined breeding of hybrid maize in Yugoslavia. Each cycle has been charactarized by introduction of the new significantly yielding hybrids. Widespread cultivation of a few high yielding hybrids could be potential risk (these crops are more susceptible to biotic stress) and is mainly responsible for significant decrease in yield. Knowledge of the genetic diversity and relationship among maize hybrids grown in one area is important for evaluating and decreasing risks of future patogen and stress induced damage, planning breeding strategies and germplasm identification. The objective of our study was to characterize 30 maize hybrids from 5 different selection cycles and validate their genetic relationship by protein markers and RAPD markers. We also investigated if there was a change in the genetic variability among cycles. Grouping of maize hybrids from different selection cycles (based on genetic data) generally agreed with the pedigrees. Calculated genetic variance showed that there were no significant change in the genetic variability among selection cycles. This information is very important for sustaining genetic variability of the germplasm in the selection proccess and decreasing risks of harmful effects of biotic factors.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS IN WHEAT BREEDING. REALITY OR DELUSION?

B. Kobiljski

Conventional plant breeding uses morphological and phenotypic markers for identification of important agronomic traits. Over last several years, there has been a significant increase in the application of molecular markers in the breeding programmes of different species. So far, the detected level of polymorphism and the volume of information provided by the different molecular marker methods applied in MAS (Marker Assisted Selection) studies (RFLP, AFLP, etc.) have been insufficient either to validate their further use or to justify large expenses and serious health hazards incurred by them. Fortunately for wheat breeders (as well as the breeders of other crops), microsatellites - a new class of molecular markers - have proved to be a powerful tool for MAS. However, many breeders shun the implementation of MAS in breeding programmes, either due to the lack of knowledge, experience and valid information or out of tradition or habit. In this paper, relevant facts regarding the implementation of MAS in breeding are first discussed in general and then for wheat breeding in particular, in order to try to assess the merits and limitations of the application of microsatellites in MAS selection.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

GENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF ACC SYNTHASE AND ACC OXIDASE IN APPLE SELECTIONS BRED IN ČAČAK

Slađana Nidžović, R. Bošković, Ž. Tešović, M. Lukić

Apple is a climacteric fruit whose ripening is associated with an upsurge in the rate of respiration and ethylene production. It is generally accepted that ethylene is the key regulator of apple ripening and the suppression of ethylene biosynthesis and its action is one of the primary mechanisms by which controlled atmospheres extend the storage life of apples. ACC synthase and ACC oxidase are the key enzymes on the ethylene biosynthetic pathway. One of the aims within apple breeding program relates to the improvement of apple storage life. The stated program has over a long-term been under way in the Fruit and Grape Research Centre in Čačak. As a result of the work on apple selection, nine selections have been singled out owing to their good traits: J/2/14, J/1/20, J/60/7/63, J/2/12, J/1/7, J/11/31, J/54/53/59, Šumatovka 1 O.P. and Šumatovka 2 O.P. The fruits of the cited selections are characterized with differing storage capability. The aim of the paper was to identify allelic forms of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase genes in the studied selections via PCR and restriction analysis and to investigate the correlation between allelic constitution of the selections for ACC synthase and ACC oxidase and the length of storage capability.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN IDENTIFICATION OF PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI

M. Ivanović i Mirjana Koprivica

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful new molecular biological method with widespread application, among other things, in plant disease diagnosis. PCR offers several advantages compared to more traditional methods of diagnosis: organisms don't need to be cultured on nutrient mediums or plants before detecting by PCR, it is very sensitive, specific, quickly and adaptible.

The development of accurate and reliable detection of fungi plant disease is desirable for the following reasons: (i) early detection is not easy as the symptoms are non-specific and may only be seen after destructive sampling, (ii) in a vegetative propaged crop, clean planting material is vital to prevent pathogen introduction and their spread, (iii) several species are often associated in the complex, (iv) some species are quarantine organisms, and some plants, seed or other parts of plants need to have a guarantee that they are disease-free before export or sale.

This paper will review detection and diagnosis of potato late blight caused by Phytophtora infesans and raspberry root rot caused by P. fragriae var. rubi used as PCR.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

BACTERIA AS BIOCONTROL AGENTS IN CORN PROTECTION AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI

Snežana Gošić-Dondo, Snežana Mladenović-Drinić, Slavica Stojkov,

Kosana Konstantinov i Gorica Cvijanović

Contemporary scientific studies within field of plant protection are aimed at finding out bioproducts and their effects on pathiogens and pests and at the attemps to explain mechanism of their effects. In this study antagonistic effects of saprophytic bacterium, isolated from four plant species, Bacillus licheniformis, Pseudomonas maltophila, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogens, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Staphilococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Serratia liquefaciens, toward maize pathogenic fungi Bipolaris zeicola,Exserochilum turcicum, Fusarium oxysporum,Phaeocytostroma ambiguum, Mycrodochium bolleyi, Nigrospora oryzae, Fusarium croockwalense, Pythium sp. and Periconia sp. under in vitro and in vivo conditions was investigated. Mechanisms of antagonistic effects of bacterium were also studied and the following potential mechanisms are observed: production of antibiotics, competition for nutrients and synthesis of specific proteins. Effects of saprophytic bacteria under in vivo conditions has been manifested as non-occurence of disease symptoms, as well as, stimulative effects on growth of roots and above-ground plant parts. Our results indicate that saprophitic bacterium may have a significant role in biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

LACTIC ACID BACTERIA AS A LIVE VACCINE DELIVERY VECTORS

Ivana Strahinić, Irena Paštar, Đ. Fira, Nataša Golić, G. Jovanović i Lj. Topisirović

Mucosal routes for vaccine delivery offer several advantages over systemic inoculation from both immunological and practical points of view. One way to deliver protective antigens at the mucosal surfaces is to use live bacterial vectors. Since centuries lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used for food processing and food preservation and are considered to be safe organisms for human consumption. Therefore LAB are attractive candidates for live antigen carriers. Several systems have been described recently using LAB as a carrier for expressing foreign antigens in a form that can be presented to and processed by the immune system of the mammalian host. Antigen delivery systems using Lactococcus strains against Helicobacter pylori, and the mostly used Lactobacillus strains against HIV, anthrax, rotavirus and tetanus have been constructed. Most of knowledge of the use of lactobacilli for vaccination purposes has been obtained with tetanus toxin fragment C that induced specific IgA and IgG immune response. The cell wall bound domain of PrtR proteinase from Lb. rhamnosus BGT10 could be used as novel and more efficient surface display of antigens.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

TRANSGENIC RESISTANCE TO RHIZOMANIA

Nevena Nagl, I. Atanasov, K. Rusanov, Svetlana Paunović i L. Kovačev

Coat protein gene of beet necrotic yellow vein virus, causing agent of rhizomania, was isolated from sugar beet root and leaves of indicator plants Chenopodium quinoa and Tetragonia expansa. Isolated fragments which contained coat protein gene with and without leader sequence were cloned in the plant transformation vector pCAMBIA3301M, with gene for resistance to gluphosinate amonium (bar gene) as the selectable marker. Two constructs were made: pC3301MCPL containing coat protein gene with leader sequence, and pC3301MCPS with coat protein gene. Vecors were transfered to Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404, which was then used for sugar beet transformation. After transformation 25% of eksplant developed axillary buds on the selective multiplication medium but, when herbicide concentration was increased only one explant, transformed with pC3301MCPS vector, preserved multiplication ability. Presence of beet necrotic yellow vein virus coat protein gene and bar gene in this putative transformant, was proved with PCR.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ATYPICAL BIRD’S FOOT TREFOIL PLANTS OBTAINED DURING GENETIC TRANSFORMATION BY Agrobacterium

Radomirka Nikolić i Nevena Mitić

The atypical plants of bird’s foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L cv. Bokor) with morphological changes were found after plant regeneration from transformed tissue. It was derived during genetic transformation of root sections of bird’s foot trefoil seedlings by Agrobacterium tumefaciens vector LBA4404/pBI121 on medium with 0.2 mg l^-1 BA. Transformants 2b and 4a had a very atypical growth habit including shortened internodes, extended leafs, regular leaf position on the stem, thicker leafs. Heritability of the morphological changes in first progeny generation was observed and their genetic nature in R₀ plants is considered.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

DETERMINATION OF nif H GENE

Danica Mićanović, T. Mendum, D. Knežević, Vera Raičević i Veselinka Zečević

Determination of nifH gene of isolates from rhizosphere of wheat was done by molecular genetically method PCR using an automated DNA thermocycler (TRIO-Thermoblock, Biometra). The 40 cycles of PCR were done by followed conditions: initial denaturation at 95°Cfor 0 min, denaturation temperature at 94°C for 30 min, annealing temperature at 55°C for 1 min, extension at 72°C for 30 min, final extension 72°C for 10 min. PCR reaction of 20 ml were set up containing 1 ml template DNA, 2 ml of each primer (concentration 8 and 2 pool/ml), 0,4 ml dNTPs 10mM, 2 ml x 10 PCR buffer (containing 10 mM Tris HCl pH 8.8, 0.8 ml MgCl₂25 mM_,0.1%Triton x100,50 mM KCl), 0.08ml of DNA 1U polymerize under a layer of mineral oil (light white; Sigma). Negative control consisted of reagent but no DNA. PCR products were run in 1x TBE buffer (Sambrook et al, 1989) with 2.25 % Nusieve agars with 2.5 ml of x6 loading dye (o.25% bromo phenol blue, 30% glycerol), stained by using ethidium bromide during 15 minutes, destained 1 hour at dH₂O and visualisation by UV light illumination 312 nm. Size of molecules was established using 123 bp DNA ladder. The gels were photographed with Polaroid Type 665 instant film. Size of determination nif H gene was 20 bp.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

IDENTIFICATION OF CHROMOSOMAL REGIONS RESPONSIBLE

FOR EXPRESSION OF GENES CONTROLLING HIGH OIL CONTENT IN MAIZE

Ksenija Marković, Dragana Ignjatović-Micić,

Vesna Lazić-Jančić, G. Saratlić i S. A. Quarrie

Molecular markers represent an efficient tool for detecting the changes in allelic frequencies occurring at the loci controlling the response of a quantitative trait subjected to selection. We have investigated the effect of nine cycles of recurrent selection for high oil content in two maize populations created at the Maize Research Institute (YuSSSu and DS7u). By comparing the first and last cycles of selection with RFLP markers it is possible to locate regions of the genome carrying genes determining oil concentration, thus identifying beneficial and/or detrimental alleles. Differences in RFLP allele frequencies of the first and the last cycle bulks identified regions on chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 involved in high oil expression in one or both analysed maize populations. In order to confirm the findings of the allele frequency changes between the analysed cycles, as well as to identify genotypes carrying beneficial alleles, individual plants from bulked samples are being analysed with RFLP markers, that detected significant differences among cycles in both populations. Results of the analyses of the population bulks and individual plants will be presented in detail.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

The APPLICATION OF PCR MARKERS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF SUNFLOWER RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW

Dejana Panković, Gordana Zdjelar, S. Jocić,

Nada Lačok, Z. Sakač, D. Škorić

Twenty sunflower genotypes, mainly pure lines, were investigated. The resistance of plants to powdery mildew was determined by the use of the whole seedling immersion method. Genomic DNA was isolated from the first pair of leaves. Genetic distances between 14 sunflower genotypes were determined by RAPD markers. Out of 52 RAPD fragments that were amplified, 67 % were polymorphic. Genetic distances were calculated from Simple Matching (SM) (21-58%) and Jacquard (J) (31-78%) coefficients of similarity. Two dendrograms that were constructed by the application of UPGMA method, will be used for the selection of lines for further crosses. After screening of 50 RAPD and 15 SSR primers the polymorphism was revealed with one RAPD (UBC 119 fragment 900-1000 bp) and one SSR primer (ORS37 fragment 600-700 bp). Amplified fragments segregated in the same way, i.e. they appeared in 50% of resistant genotypes. SSR fragment was purified, cloned and sequenced. The results indicate that this fragment is not a part of a coding sequence. The specific primers for the amplification of this fragment are designed and the investigation of the inheritance of this SCAR marker is underway.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

RAPD GENETIC STRUCTURE OF MANNA ASH POPULATIONS FROM SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO

S. Bojović, Ph. Heizmann i M. Barbero

Manna ash (Fraxinus ornus L.) is a species of choice for the afforestation of limestone barrens and for soil conservation specialy in the mediterranean ecosystems. Genetic variation of manna ash is a fundamental condition of long-term stability of its ecosystems. Modern research methods used to study genetic structure of tree species are based on the application of biochemical and molecular genetic markers. The use of RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers is recommended specialy in the first phase of the assessment of genetic variation in forest tree populations. This study provide information about genetic structure of 3 populations (app. 150 adulte trees) of manna ash from Serbia and Montenegro, regarding descriptive statistics, F-statistics, genetic distances and UPGMA clustering.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

EVALUATION OF DNA POLYMORPHISMS AND GENETIC DISTANCE OF MAIZE

(Zea mays L.) GENOTYPES USING AFLP METHOD

Vladislava Galović

The application possibility of one of the PCR based molecular techniques - AFLP in order to evaluate the genetic distance of nine maize genotypes on the basis of their DNA fragment polymorphism has been investigated. Genomic DNA was isolated from leaf material by Saghai-Maroof et. al. (1984) and AFLP protocol was followed after Vos et al. (1995). The resulting PCR product out of 4 different selective primer combinations (1. CGA/GAA, 2. CGA/GAG, 3. CGA/GTG, 4. CGA/GTT), undergo the electrophoresis separation on 5% polyacrylamide gels and developed by silver-staining method (Sambrook et al., 1989), determined the unique genetic profiles and DNA polymorphisms of each genotype. Out of 199 amplified fragments, 143 were polimorphic (71,9%). Primer combination CGA/GAG proved to be the most polymorphic one, revealing 44 (81,5%) polymorphic fragments. Cluster analysis was conducted by NTSYSpc, v. 2.0 software using the Jaccard coefficient of similarity to determine the genetic distance between genotypes. It was obvious that the most distinct genotypes were g1 and g6 (GD=88%) and the narrowest g1 and g8 (GD=43%). It can be concluded that the AFLP system is a highly informative, reliable molecular system and that it’s application is possible in identification of maize genotypes.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

IMPACT OF PROTEIN MARKERS IN CEREAL BREEDING

Ljiljana Vapa, Dragana Obreht, S. Denčić, Mihajla Davidović

Research in the field of structure, function and polymorphism of cereal storage and functional proteins has important value in cereal breeding. Wheat storage proteins, high molecular weight glutenins (HMW GS) represent only 10% of total endosperm proteins, but their composition has a major effect on visco-elastic properties of dough. Another routinely applied marker test in wheat breeding are secaline subunits coded by Sec-1 locus in the rye genome. Secaline presence in bread wheat genome is marker for 1B/1R substitution or 1BL/1RS translocation. 1RS chromatin can negatively impact wheat dough and bread quality. Composition of HMW GS and the presence of 1BL/1RS translocation in 93 bread wheat cultivars bred in the period 1990-2000 at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad was analysed by SDS-PAG electrophoresis. Eleven HMW glutenin alleles were scored: 3 at the Glu-A1, 5 at the Glu-B1, and 3 at the Glu-D1. 1BL/1RS translocation was present in 31% of cultivars. Significance of storage proteins in breeding for better bread making quality is discussed.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

PRODUCTION OF WHEAT HAPLOIDS USING DIFFERENT IN VITRO METHODS

Ankica Kondić-Špika i B. Kobiljski

This paper reports preliminary results of the introduction of a method for producing double haploids by crossing wheat and maize and compares the method’s effectiveness with that of the anther culture method, which has been in use thus far. Five F₂wheat combinations were used for the experiment. All the genotypes formed embryogenic callus tissue in anther culture with an average frequency of 13.4 calluses per 100 isolated anthers. Embryos were also formed in all of the genotypes in the crosses with maize and the average frequency was 2.3 embryos per 100 pollinated florets. The anther culture method produced a total of 44 green plants (an average of 8.8 plants per genotype), while the maize cross method yielded five green plants (one plant per genotype). The results have shown that genotypes that have good androgenic ability give poorer performance in crosses with maize, and vice versa, which suggests different genetic control of these traits. This also allows these two methods to be combined to produce double haploids from the entire selection material. Using one of the methods good results could be obtained only in those genotypes that respond well to that particular method.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

ANDROGENESIS OF DIFFERENT WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) GENOTYPES IN IN VITRO CULTURE

Branka Ljevnaić i Ankica Kondić-Špika

Androgenetic ability of eight F1 hybrids of wheat (T. aestivum L) in in vitro culture was studied in this paper. A modified Potato-2 inductive nutrient medium was used for proliferation of callus tissue, while the 190-2 medium was used for plant regeneration and rooting. The genotypes differed significantly in their androgenic ability and plant regeneration capacity. The highest androgenic ability (11.5%) and plant regeneration capacity (1.7%) were found in NS-38-93 x Košuta. The genotype Hays-2 x Sremica had the lowest androgenic ability (0.9%), while the smallest capacity for regeneration of green plants (0.1%) was recorded in CHI-6 x Tiha. The average androgenic ability of all the genotypes was 3.2%. Looking at all the genotypes, the average number of regenerated plants relative to the total number of isolated anthers was 1.8% (0.5% green and 1.3% albino ones). Although the regeneration of a large number of albino plants is a major limiting factor, the anther culture can be successfully used to produce homozygous progeny in certain genotypes with a good androgenic ability.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

CALLUS REGENERATION FROM EMBRYO OF DIFFERENT SPECIES

OF GENUS Triticum

Zorica Jestrović, M. Pavlović, Ankica Kondić i S. Denćić

The species of genus Triticum with different level of ploidy: T. monococcum, T. dicoccoides, T. durum cv. Korifla and T. aestivum cvs. Siete Cerros and Bezostaja 1 have been evaluated in order to determinate frequency of callus induction from immature (milk- and wax-stage) on MS medium. Callus tissue proliferation was observed a few days after isolation regardless of genotypes and stage of maturity. The occurrence of premature developing leaf primordia – atypical way of embryogenesis, was not noted only in hexaplod forms at milk stage. After 30 days three types of callus was observed: undifferentiated, with limited growth; yellow-green with coleoptila and callus with green leaf primordia and roots. Embryos isolated from wax-mature seed of tetraploid species showed very high frequency of callus induction (100%) and lowest number of no differentiated callus (4.08%) and this results point out that this genotypes are excellent donor of embryo for callus induction. From embryo of cv. Bezostaja 1 at milk-stage of seed, 100% calluses were inducted which 92.16% were regenerated with developed a few green leaf primordia (10 cm length) and roots and this genotype is the best donor of embryo.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

IN VITRO AND IN VIVO SUGAR – BEET TETRAPLOID INDUCTION

Vesna Manojlović-Đorđević, I. Stančić, S. Petrović i Jelica Živić

For the sake of obtaining sugar – beet tetraploid multigerm pollinator from diploid pollinator, we have performed tetraploid induction in vivo and in vitro. Tetraploid induction was attained by colchicine activity. In vivo tetraploids were obtained by colchicine effect on seedling. The concentracion of (0,1%; 0,2%; 0,4%) were used. The most effective concentracion was 0,2%. In vitro induction colchicine (50 mg/l and 100 mg/l) were added to the base for multiplication in the duration of 24, 48 and 72 hours. The most effective treatment was with high concentracion of colchicine (100mg/l) and shorter duration of treatment (48 hours). Ploidy level of treated plants was defined by counting chloroplasts in stomal guard cells of young leaves. The number of chloroplasts were from 13 to 18 with diploid plants, and from 24 with tetraploid plants.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

MICROSPORE CULTURE OF RAPESEED

Dragana Vasić, Ana Marjanović-Jeromela i R. Marinković

In rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), growing of hybrids instead of cultivars leads to increase both in seed and oil yield. For the successful production of F1 hybrids, it is necessary to have good cms and Rf lines. Using microspore culture it is possible to achieve complete homozygosity in 8 months to 2 years, depending on the type of rapeseed.

We isolated microspores from different rapeseed genotypes from NS-gene pool in order to obtain homozygous Rf and cms lines. Microspores were isolated from 1-1.5 mm long unopened buds and cultured according the protocol of Kott (1998). The effect of medium and other parameters of culture on microspore development was studied.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

IMPROVEMENT OF Providencia rettgeri PENICILLIN ACYLASE PRODUCTION USING DIFFERENT EXPRESSION SYSTEMS

Lidija Šenerović, Nada Stanković i Milica Ševo

Penicillin G acylase (PAC) catalyses the hydrolysis of antibiotic penicillin G into phenyl acetic acid and 6-aminopenicillanic acid - a starting compound for the production of semisynthetic b-lactam antibiotics. Aiming faster, simple and inexpensive production and purification of this industrially valuable enzyme, we were interested in development of expression system with optimal characteristics. Due to numerous advantages in comparison with E. coli, we chose yeasts as the expression-secretory model system. Single copy plasmid expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yielded 0.002 U/ml of recombinant PAC. The highest yield obtained from baker's yeast was 1.5 U/ml when expressed from plasmid present in 50 copies. Because of high instability of pac-containing episomal expression plasmid and secretory pathway clogging, a scale-up of rPAC production using S. cerevisiae expression system was limited. The expression level of rPAC was improved using methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, while the expression vector was stabily integrated into the genom, increased termostability of the secreted enzyme and higher heterologous protein scretory level. Single-copy clone secreted 0.18 U/ml of rPAC, while the four-copy clone secreted 2.5 U/ml which was the highest acheved yield reported so far.

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Published in Book of Abstracts „SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON THE BREEDING OF ORGANISMS“

Vrnjačka Banja (Serbia), October 1–4, 2003

MOLECULAR BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO PATHOGEN IN SMALL GRAINS

Jelena Bošković, Željana Mićanović, M. Bošković i Vladan Pešić

Molecular breeding have potencijal use in control of smaill grains to patogens. The major smaill grains, wheat, barley, rice, maize, sorghum, crown and oat, are plagued by diseases that are difficult to control by convencional plant breeding or other means. Genes for resistance may be inadequate,as in the case of fusarium head blight, which has emerged as a catastrophic problem in the higher rainfall areas of the wheat and barley regions. For other diseases, such as leaf rust of wheat, crown rust of oat, and powdery mildews of barley, wheat and oat, the pathogen rapidly produces new virulence that overcam resistance genes, soon after they are deployed. Investigation programs are searching for genes that will reduce disease in transgenic plants. Candidate genes code for proteine that act directly against pathogens, counter pathogenicity factors such as toxins, or initiate and enhance plant defence response. This research is in its early stages, but results sugegest that cloned genes can be effective when introduced into smaill grains and other crops.

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